Full text of "FM 34-2-1 (Reconnisance Surveillance Intelligence)"

See other formats

*FM 34-2-1
FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS

NO 34-2-1 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Washington, DC, 19 June 1991

TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR

RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE

AND INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO

COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE

Contents

Page

Preface iv

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1-1

Collection Management Process 1-3
Solutions to Common Errors in

Reconnaissance and Surveillance Planning 1-4

CHAPTER 2 - RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE AND
INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION

OF THE BATTLEFIELD 2-1

Terms 2-1

Reconnaissance and Surveillance Principles 2-3
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield

Process 2-6

Reconnaissance and Surveillance Plan

Development 2-23

CHAPTER 3 - ASSETS AND EQUIPMENT 3-1

Assets and Equipment Organic to the

Maneuver Battalion 3-1

Assets and Personnel Normally Supporting

the Maneuver Battalion 3-6

Assets and Personnel Normally Supporting

the Maneuver Brigade 3-16

CHAPTER 4 - PLANNING EFFECTIVE RECONNAISSANCE AND

SURVEILLANCE 4-1

Staff Officer Responsibilities 4-3

Planning 4-4

CHAPTER 5 - METHODS OF TASKING RECONNAISSANCE AND

SURVEILLANCE ASSETS 5-1

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release;
distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes TC 30-25, 17 July 1977, and
TC 34-50, 7 January 1980.

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 6 - THE RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE OVERLAY 6-1

CHAPTER 7 -

MONITORING THE RECONNAISSANCE AND

SURVEILLANCE EFFORT

Tracking Targets and Assets
Evaluating How Your Assets Report
Managing Priority Intelligence Requirements
Modifying the Reconnaissance and

Surveillance Plan
Tasking Assets

CHAPTER 8 -

CHAPTER 9 -

AUGMENTING OR TASK ORGANIZING RECONNAISSANCE
AND SURVEILLANCE MISSIONS

Task Organized with Engineers and

Artillery Forward Observers Attached
to Reconnaissance Patrol
Task Organized with Signal Assets,

Observation Posts, and Forward Observers
Attached To Extended Reconnaissance
Patrol
Scouts with Infantry
D Company, Scout Platoon, and Ground
Surveillance Radar Effort Augmented

RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE IN

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Detailed Reconnaissance
Surveillance of the Objective
Ongoing Reconnaissance and Surveillance
Planning

CHAPTER 10 - INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO
COUNTERRECONNAI S S ANCE
Staff Officers
Mission Planning
Reconnaissance Fundamentals
Using Intelligence Preparation of the
Battlefield to Support Your
Counterreconnaissance Effort
Count erreconna i s sance

CHAPTER 11 -

RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE IN
LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT

Factors

Guerrilla/Insurgent Operations

Upper Echelon Organization

Equipment

Intelligence Preparation of the
Battlefield Considerations

7-1
7-1
7-2
7-4

7-6
7-8

8-1

8-2
8-3

8-4

9-1
9-1
9-2

9-3

10-1
10-1
10-3
10-7

10-7
10-11

11-1
11-1
11-3
11-4
11-9

11-24

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 12 - ELECTRONIC WARFARE ASSET EMPLOYMENT 12-1

Fundamentals 12-1

Planning 12-3
What Type of Intelligence and Electronic

Warfare Assets Are Needed? 12-6

APPENDIX A - Management Tools For Reconnaissance and

Surveillance Operations A-l

APPENDIX B - Example of the Reconnaissance and

Surveillance Process B-l

Glossary Glossary-1

References References-1

Index Index-1

FM 34-2-1

Preface

This field manual provides
tactics, techniques, and
procedures (TTP) for
reconnaissance and surveillance
(R&S) planning, mission
management, and reporting.
It provides TTP for the
development of intelligence to
support counterreconnaissance
(CKj operations. It describes
employment considerations for
R&5 assets; and defines the
roles of the collection manager
and maneuver brigade and
battalion S2's in planning
R&S operations. It describes
their roles in identifying
intelligence requirements to
support CR operations.

This manual addresses
TTP for planning and
conducting R&S and developing
intelligence to support CR
operations at maneuver brigade
and below. It can also apply
to armored cavalry regiment
(ACR) and separate brigades.

This manual is intended
for maneuver commanders and
their staffs (especially S2s);
intelligence staffs and

collection managers; and other
personnel involved in planning
and conducting R&S and
developing intelligence to
support CR operations. It is
intended for use by both active
and Reserve Components (RC) and
US Army Training and Doctrine
Command (TRADOC) schools.

The doctrine in this
publication conforms with and
supports the principles
contained in FM 34-1.

Unless this publication
states otherwise, masculine
nouns and pronouns do not refer
exclusively to men.

The proponent of this

gublication is the United
tates Army Intelligence
Center, Fort Huachuca, AZ.
Send comments and
recommendations on DA Form 2028
(Recommended Changes to
Publications and Blank Forms)
directly to Commander, US Army
Intelligence Center and School,
ATTN: ATSI-TDL-D, Fort
Huachuca, AZ 85613-7000.

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Throughout history,
military leaders have
recognized the importance of
R&S. Gaining and maintaining
contact with the enemy is
essential to win the battle.
Our own military history
contains many examples where
our knowledge of the enemy,
or lack of knowledge, directly
led to victory or defeat.

The role of R&S has not
changed on the modern
battlefield; if anything,
it has become even more
important. Battles at the
combat training centers prove
that a good R&S effort is
critical to successful
attacks. On the other hand,
a poor R&S effort almost
guarantees defeat for the
commander. Figure 1-1 shows
attack outcome according to
reconnaissance status (Slue
Force [BLUFOR]). This chart
was developed by the Rand
Corporation in its October 1987

study, "Applying the National
Training tenter Experience:
Tactical Reconnaissance/'

The message is clear:
Success on the battlefield
begins with R&S and R&S begins
with the intelligence officer.
As the S2, you play a big role
in the success or failure of
your unit. But if being able
to find the enemy is critical
to the attack, what role does
the S2 play in the defense?

Figure 1-2 shows the attack
outcome according to reconnais-
sance status (Opposing Force
[OPFOR]). This is another
chart from the same Rand study.
It clearly shows: If you blind
the enemy, they will most
likely fail in the attack.
Therefore, a successful defense
depends on finding, targeting,
destroying, or suppressing
enemy reconnaissance assets
before they can report your
unit's defensive positions.

RECONNAISSANCE

STATUS

BATTLE OUTCOME

SUCCESS

FAILURE

STANDOFF

Good
Poor

13
50

9
4

1
38

3
8

Figure 1-1. Attack outcome according to reconnaissance status (BLUFOR).

RECONNAISSANCE

STATUS

BATTLE OUTCOME

SUCCESS

FAILURE

STANDOFF

Good
Poor

28
5

1
5

Figure 1-2. Attack outcome according to reconnaissance status (OPFOR).

1-1

FM 34-2-1

This implies an aggressive
CR effort that seeks out enemy
reconnaissance units rather
than passively screening. It
also implies the coordination
and active participation among
the S2, S3, fire support
officer (FSO), and the
intelligence and electronic
warfare support element
(IEWSE).

This manual describes the
TTP you can use to develop and
execute successful R&S pTans.
Field Manual 34-2 and FM 34-80
contain additional information
on collection management and
R&S.

This is a "how to" manual.
It describes how to—

o Plan R&S operations.

o Task R&S assets.

o Graphically depict R&S
operations.

o Execute R&S operations.

o Save time in the planning
process.

o Plan for intelligence
support to CR missions.

o Plan for division level
assets, such as signals
intelligence (SIGINT)
collectors.

This manual will show you
how to succeed in your
reconnaissance and CR effort,

giving you and your commander
the best chance for victory in
battle.

The intent is for you to
use this manual in the field as
a guide. This manual is also
designed to show commanders and
S3s the R&S planning process.
This manual is arranged
sequentially to reflect the
order of the R&S and collection
management processes. It will
help you understand R&S a step
at a time.

The better prepared you
are as an S2, the better your
R&S plan will be. Therefore,
you snould have a solid
appreciation for intelligence
preparation of the battlefield
(IPB) and its contribution to
developing an R&S plan. (See
FM 34-130, Intelligence
Preparation of the Battlefield,
for a complete discussion of
IPB.) You need to know what
assets are available to you,
as well as the capabilities
and limitations of those
assets. This supports
planning and executing R&S
operations.

Once you formulate your
plan, you must know how to
task appropriate assets. One
way to disseminate the R&S
plan or taskings is to develop
an R&S overlay. FM 34-80,
Appendix E, describes the
preparation of the R&S
overlay. As you execute the
plan, you should know how to
monitor the R&S effort and

1-2

FM 34-2-1

modify the plan accordingly.
To reinforce the steps in the
R&S process, this manual
includes examples at brigade
and battalion levels of how to
plan, prepare, execute, and
monitor the R&S effort.

COLLECTION MANAGEMENT PROCESS

To successfully plan and
execute the R&S effort, you
should understand the five
phases of the collection
management process, and the
relationship of R&S to
collection management.
Regardless of the echelon, you
will go through the following
five steps or phases to develop
a collection plan and,
ultimately, an R&S plan:

o Receive and analyze
requirements.

o Determine resource
availability and capability.

o Task resources.

o Evaluate reporting.

o Update collection
planning.

RECEIVE AND ANALYZE
REQUIREMENTS

Receiving and analyzing
requirements means identifying
what the commander must know
about the enemy, weather, and
terrain to accomplish the
mission. Normally, the
commander's concerns are
expressed as questions, termed
priority intelligence

requirements (PIR) or
information requirements (IR).

PIR and IR are either
stated by the commander or
recommended by you and approved
by the commander. They are the
very reason R&S plans (and all
collection plans) exist. You
may also have requirements from
higher or subordinate units;
these you will prioritize and
consolidate with the
commander's PIR. Once you have
identified all requirements,
you will eventually convert
them into specific items to
look for.

DETERMINE RESOURCE
AVAILABILITY AND CAPABILITY

In simplest terms,
determining resource
availability and capability
means assessing what means you
have to look for the specific
items you have developed in the
first step.

TASK RESOURCES

When tasking resources, you
must tell a specific resource
what it should look for, and
how it is to report
information.

At division and higher,
several elements accomplish
these five steps. For example,
the all-source production
section (ASPS) aids the
collection management and
dissemination ((ZM&D) section in
analyzing requirements. The
CM&D may simply task the
military intelligence (MI)

1-3

FM 34-2-1

battalion to collect on
specific requirements; the MI
battalion S2> is the one who
actually tasks a specific
asset. In fact, very seldom
does a division G2 directly
task a specific asset.

At maneuver brigade and
battalion levels, however, your
S2 section will usually do all
five steps of the collection
management process. You will
develop a collection plan which
addresses how your unit will
collect information to satisfy
all intelligence requirements.
Unlike division, you will
normally task specific assets
to collect specific
information.

This essentially is the
difference between a collection
plan and an R&S plan: a
collection plan identifies
which units or agencies will
collect information. An R&S
plan identifies which specific
assets will be tasked to
collect information, and how
they will do it. Therefore, as
a general rule, R&S planning
occurs mostly at brigade and
below.

EVALUATE REPORTING

Is the asset accurately
reporting what it sees based on
its capabilities? And does the
report answer the original
question?

UPDATE COLLECTION PLANNING

Do you need more
information to answer the

question; or is it time to
shift focus and begin answering
another question?

SOLUTIONS TO COMMON

ERRORS IN RECONNAISSANCE

AND SURVEILLANCE PLANNING

This manual focuses on
R&S at brigade and battalion
levels. It discusses ways
to improve your R&S plans and
to win the battle. Many
common mistakes made by S2s
in the planning stage result
in unproductive R&d operations.
These mistakes were noted
during numerous observations
at the training centers and
occur regularly. To avoid
errors in R&S plans, use
the guidelines discussed
below.

USE IPB PRODUCTS

Use enemy situation
templates and event templates
to identify areas on the
battlefield where and when
you expect significant events
or targets to appear. These
IPB products will save many
hours of analysis by
pinpointing specific areas
on which to focus your R&S
effort.

KNOW YOUR ASSETS

Know the capabilities and
limitations of the R&S assets
available to you. This should
ensure that assets are not sent
on missions they are not
capable of conducting nor
trained to conduct.

1-4

FM 34-2-1

PROVIDE DETAILS

When you develop your R&S
plan, provide details. Generic
K&S plans do not produce the
amount of information required
in the time allocated.

UNDERSTAND SCHEME
OF MANEUVER

It is imperative you
understand your unit's scheme
of maneuver before you begin to
formulate the R&S plan. A well
thought out R&S plan that does
not support the scheme of
maneuver is a useless effort.

PROVIDE GUIDANCE

Provide detailed guidance
to the company and teams as
they plan their patrol
missions; patrols also need to
coordinate with the battalion
before, during, and after all
missions. This should preclude
useless missions and wasted
lives. You should also make
sure patrols have enough time
to plan and execute their
missions.

KNOW LOCATIONS OF ASSETS

You need to continuously
monitor and disseminate the
current locations of friendly
R&S assets. This should
minimize the incidents of
fratricide.

INTEGRATE FIRE SUPPORT

Involve the FSO in R&S
planning so that indirect fire

support is integrated into all
phases of R&S operations.

STRESS THE IMPORTANCE
OF R&S MISSIONS

Subordinate elements tend
to ignore collection taskings
assigned by higher echelons;
they sometimes consider these
nonessential taskings. Make
sure these subordinate element
commanders understand the
importance of their R&S
missions. You must get the S3
or the commander involved to
remedy this situation.

PARTICIPATE IN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF

MISSION ESSENTIAL

TASK LISTS

The battalion S2 should
take an active role in the
development of the scoirL

itoon battle tasks. [Figure
l-3l is an example of scoul
platoon battle tasks. The only
way to establish a proper
working relationship to train
with the scout platoon leader
in garrison as well as in the
fiefd. The result will be a
scout platoon that understands
what the S2 needs and an S2
understanding the capabilities
and limitations of the scout
platoon.

POINT OUT NAI

During CR operations,
point out areas throughout
the battlefield where you
expect enemy reconnaissance.
Do not limit these NAI to

1-5

FM 34-2-1

just along the forward edge
of the battle area (FEBA) or
the line of departure (LD)/
line of contact (LC). Company
and team commanders and staff
must understand that CR
operations extend throughout
the depth of the battlefield.
Enemy reconnaissance assets
are trained to look deep and
to conduct operations well
into the rear area.

INCORPORATE FLEXIBILITY

Be sure to incorporate
flexibility into your R&S
plan. Be ready to make
modifications at any time,
especially in a nuclear,
biological, and chemical
(NBC) environment. The
Combined Arms in a Nuclear/
Chemical Environment (CANE)
IIB Test explains the
difficulty in collecting
intelligence data in an NBC
environment.

DO NOT KEEP THE SCOUT
PLATOON LEADER WAITING

Do not keep the scout
platoon leader at the
tactical operations center
(TOC) waiting for a complete
operations order (OPORD).
Some results are—

o The scout platoon deploys
too late to sufficiently
reconnoiter its assigned NAT

o Lack of time makes the
scout platoon leader reluctant
to exercise the initiative and
flexibility necessary to ensure
complete coverage. For
example, scouts remain in
their vehicles instead of
dismounting.

o The scout platoon fails
to follow standing operating
procedures (SOPS).

DO NOT OVERLY RELY ON
THE SCOUT PLATOON

Commanders tend to rely too
much on their scout platoons.
An untrained scout platoon may
display weaknesses in land
navigation, selecting proper
R&S positions, reporting
information, and calling for
indirect fire. When you do use
scout platoons, try to confirm
their reports with information

athered from other assets.

lso, do not fall into the trap
of using the scout platoon as
the only R&S collection asset.
When using the scout platoon,
be sure the mission you give
them is one they are capable of
successfully completing.

These solutions apply to
common problems occurring
throughout the Army. Talce note
of these solutions and try to
develop R&S plans reflecting
the solutions, not the
problems.

1-6

FM 34-2-1

BATTLE TASKS

1. Evaluate mission, formulate plans.

2. Maneuver.

3. Conduct reconnaissance operations.

4. Conduct security operations.

5. Conduct mobility and countermobility operations.

6. Operate in an NBC environment.

7. Conduct air defense measures.

8. Perform intelligence operations.

9. Perform combat support operations.
10. Sustain readiness.

CRITICAL TASKS

1. Platoon battle task: Evaluate mission, formulate plans.

Critical Tasks:

a) Produce a platoon fire plan.

b) Perform precombat checks.

c) Perform tactical planning.

d) Employ command and control measures.

e) Employ OPSEC.

2. Platoon battle task: Maneuver.

Critical Tasks:

a) Perform a tactical road march.

b) Occupy an assembly area.

c) Perform a passage of lines.

d) Conduct tactical movement.

e) Conduct a relief in place.

f) Assist in a passage of lines.

-"V V Y< V

Figure 1-3. Example of a scout platoon battle tasks list.

1-7

FM 34-2-1

-^v— v ^ i\,

g) Execute actions on contact,

h) Support a hasty attack,

i) Conduct air assault operations,

j) conduct a hasty river crossing,

3. Platoon battle task: Conduct reconnaissance operations.

Critical Tasks:

a) Perform a route reconnaissance.

b) Perform a zone reconnaissance.

c) Perform an area reconnaissance.

d) Reconnoiter an obstacle and a bypass.

e) Execute a dismounted reconnaissance patrol.

4. Platoon battle task: Conduct security operations.

Critical Tasks:

a) Screen a stationary force.

b) Screen a moving force.

c) Conduct dismounted security patrols.

5. Platoon battle task: Conduct mobility and countermobility
operations.

Critical Tasks:

a) Emplace and retrieve a hasty protective minefield.

b) Perform demolition guard force operations.

6. Platoon battle task: Operate in an NBC environment.

Critical Tasks:

a) Prepare for a nuclear attack.

b) Respond to the initial effects of a nuclear attack.

c) Respond to the residual effects of a nuclear attack,
dj Prepare for a chemical attack.

e) Respond to a chemical agent attack.

f) Perform chemical decontamination.

g) Cross a chemically contaminated area,
h) Cross a radiologically contaminated area.

7. Platoon battle task: Conduct air defense measures.

—V V Vn ^

Figure 1-3. Example of a scout platoon battle tasks list (continued).

1-8

FM 34-2-1

"v v \a "

Critical Tasks:

a) Use passive air defense measures.

b) Take active air defense measures against hostile aircraft.

8. Platoon battle task: Perform intelligence operations.

Critical Tasks:

a) Process EPWs.

b) Process captured documents and equipment.

9. Platoon battle task: Perform combat support operations,

Critical Tasks:

a) Perform resupply operations.

b) Prepare and evacuate casualties.

c) Perform platoon maintenance operations.

d) Perform field sanitation operations.

10. Platoon battle task: Sustain readiness.

Critical Tasks:

a) Conduct physical training.

b) Conduct small arms and crew-served PMI and qualification.

c) Perform PMCS on vehicles and equipment.

d) Maintain property accountability.

e) Conduct battle tasks 5 to 10.

f ) Counsel soldiers .

g) Update soldiers records.

Figure 1-3. Example of a scout platoon battle tasks list (continued).

1-9

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 2

RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE AND INTELLIGENCE
PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD

Think of developing an R&S
plan as being similar to
building a house. A good house
needs a solid foundation. The
miliars for the foundation of
^&S are the actual terms used.
3efore going on, let us discuss
some important terms.

TERMS

lossary for

Refer to the
the definitions oH
reconnaissance, surveillance,
and CR. Below is a discussion
of these terms.

RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is concerned
with three components: enemy,
weather, and terrain. You
should understand that
reconnaissance is active; it
seeks out enemy positions,
obstacles, and routes. Since
movement draws attention, good
reconnaissance uses stealth to
avoid detection.

SURVEILLANCE

Surveillance is passive.
Surveillance implies observing
a specified area or areas
systematically from a fixed,
concealed position. A good R&S
plan contains the best mix of
fc&S based on requirements,
assets available, and the
threat.

COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE

Essentially, CR means
blinding the enemy's eyes so
they cannot detect our attack,
or cannot locate our defensive
positions. CR missions require
you to—

o Know something about how
the enemy reconnoiters.

o Be able to locate,
target, destroy, or suppress
enemy reconnaissance assets.

Providing support to the
CR mission means that you
must become an expert on
threat reconnaissance doctrine,
tactics, unit organizations,
and equipment. You must know
how the enemy plans to collect
information; when they do it;
and with what equipment,
vehicles, and organizations
they collect.

Then plan how to find
the enemy's reconnaissance
assets before they are able
to find friendly forces. You
also need to understand US
maneuver organizations,
doctrine, tactics, and
capabilities, since you may
be called on to provide a
recommendation for organizing
CR forces.

2-1

FM 34-2-1

Coordinate closely with the
S3 and the FSO, since much of
their planning relies on your
ability to predict, locate, and
confirm enemy reconnaissance
assets. Your knowledge of
threat reconnaissance
capabilities, limitations, and
vulnerabilities aids the staff
in developing high payoff
targets (HPTs). It aids in
determining how best to destroy
or suppress those targets,
either oy lethal or nonlethal
means.

At brigade level, you must
get the IEWSE officer involved
in CR battle planning, because
using EW may be crucial to the
success of the mission.

Defining R&S and CR in
isolation may suggest they
occur in a vacuum. Nothing
could be further from the
truth. R&S is a crucial phase
of the intelligence cycle. As
you will see, your R&S effort
requires direction if it is to
provide the necessary
intelligence the commander
needs to fight and win the
battle.

You might have the
impression K&S has definitive
start and end points.
Actually, R&S is part of a
larger, continuing collection
process. That process gets its
direction from two things:
first, the mission; and second,
by extension, the IPB process.

These two things tell you—
o What to collect,
o Where to collect,
o When to collect.

you

o Who should collect it for

o Why you must collect it.

Your collection plan
enables you to direct and
control the collection of
information. That information,
once recorded, evaluated, and
interpreted, becomes
intelligence. Collecting
information gives commanders
targeting data so they can
destroy enemy weapon systems
and units. Your analysis can
provide insight into the enemy
situation to the extent that
you can make an educated
estimate of possible future
enemy courses of action
(COAs). At this point, inform
your commander and the rest of
the staff; then begin to
develop friendly COAs for
future operations.

The cycle continues
endlessly. However, within the
cycle you may discover, based
on the picture you have
developed, that you must modify
the collection plan. Or, based
on what you have collected, you
must update the IPB terrain
data base.

2-2

FM 34-2-1

There is an interrelation-
ship between all aspects of the
intelligence cycle. Your
collection plan has a direct
effect on how you—

o Process information and
disseminate intelligence during
the present battle.

o Direct your intelligence
efforts for future battles.

The R&S plan marries the
IPB with assets available for
information collection. It
organizes and prioritizes
information requirements. This
results in R&S taskings to
units through the S3.

RECONNAISSANCE AND
SURVEILLANCE PRINCIPLES

Now that we have defined
the terms, let us discuss the
two principles of R&S. They
are--

o Tell commanders what they
need to know in time for them
to act.

o Do as much as possible
ahead of time.

TELL COMMANDERS WHAT

THEY NEED TO KNOW

IN TIME FOR THEM TO ACT

This principle is of
paramount importance. You must
develop the K&S plan so that it
directly addresses what the
commander wants to know. In
essence, the R&S effort (as
with the intelligence effort in

general) is commander-oriented
and commander-directed.
Therefore, you cannot develop
a successful R&S plan until you
know exactly what the commander
needs to know.

The commander's questions
which positively must be
answered in order to accomplish
the mission are PIR. They are
the start point for the R&S
plan. The clearer and more
precise the commander's PIR,
the better you will be able to
develop the R&S plan to answer
them.

How do PIR come about? As
part of the mission analysis
process, you and your commander
study the mission given to you
by higher headquarters. You
develop specified, implied, and
essential tasks. Asyou do
this, you should also be able
to identify gaps in your
understanding of the
battlefield situation.

The following are examples
of possible gaps:

o Which avenue of approach
(AA) will the enemy use, and
when?

o Which fixed- and
rotary-wing air AAs will the
enemy use?

o How will the enemy deploy
in their attack?

o Where will the enemy
commit their second echelon
forces?

2-3

FM 34-2-1

o What are the enemy
reconnaissance forces, tactics,
and capabilities?

o Where is the enemy main
supply route (MSR)?

o Under what circumstances
will the enemy use NBC
weapons? How will they be
employed?

o What are the enemy
subsequent and fallback
positions, and routes from
their main defensive positions
to the fallback positions?

o In what strength will the
enemy counterattack, and where
are the armor counterattack
forces?

o Where are the enemy
observation posts (OPs) and
listening posts (LPs)?

o Where are the enemy
antitank (AT) helicopters?

o Where are the enemy TOCs
and tactical command posts,
relays, and communications
sites?

o Where are the enemy
logistic and support areas?

o What effects of weather
provide a key advantage or
disadvantage to you or the
enemy?

o Where are the enemy
obstacles and fire sacks?

o Where are the enemy main
defensive positions?

o Where and when will the
enemy counterattack, and how
will they counterattack?

o Where are the enemy AT
weapons?

o Where is the enemy
artillery?

Essentially, you and your
commander try to zero in on
exactly what will determine the
outcome of the battle. Many
times, the commander will tell
you what is of the most
concern. It is the
responsibility of the commander
to state PIK. However, the S2
and the S3 can assist in this
process by presenting their own
analyses of the mission.

Remember, PIR drive your
R&S efforts; so it is critical
that you understand just
exactly what your commander
needs to know in order to
fight.

Try to keep the commander's
PIR as specific as possible.
The more general the question,
the harder it is to answer.
Instead of asking, "With what
force will the 34th Motorized
Rifle Regiment attack?", try to
discern exactly what it is your
commander is looking for. If
the commander wants to know how
the 34th will initially deploy,
it is better to ask, '"Will the
34th attack in column, with two
battalions leading, or with
three battalions on line?"

Similarly, is the commander
concerned with finding the

2-4

FM 34-2-1

enemy's main defensive area;
or is he really worried about
locating company and platoon
positions within the main
defensive area? How you
phrase the PIR has a direct
bearing on how you answer
those PIR.

To better focus R&S
efforts, keep PIR down to a
manageable number. Normally,
you will only be able to
concentrate on three or four
at any one time. Of course,
the mission and the
commander's needs may sometimes
dictate more. Having a large
number of priorities defeats
the purpose of having PIR in
the first place.

Other questions the
commander may have regarding
the enemy, weather, and terrain
of a lesser priority than PIR
are called IK. Examples of IR
are--

o Where or what is the
enemy's immediate objective?

o Will the enemy employ
smoke?

o Where are the usable
river fording points?

Answers to these questions
may not be critical to the
immediate success of the
mission, but they will
certainly help provide answers
to those critical questions.
Keep in mind that IR may at
some point become PIR, and vice
versa, depending on the
situation.

Once developed, PIR should
be disseminated to subordinate,
adjacent, and higher units. In
this way, you inform everyone
of the questions you need
answered. Remember, although
you may not be able to answer
a specific PIR at your level,
your higher headquarters may
be able to. Disseminating
your PIR also tells everyone
what you are most interested
in.

Use the intelligence annex
and intelligence summaries to
disseminate PIR. Your PIR and
IR also determine your request
for intelligence information
(RII) . The RII is the best way
to let your higher headquarters
know your information needs.
Your higher headquarters does
not always know what specific
information you may need.

Your commanders PIR give
you a direction in which to
start your R&S planning.
Subsequently, most of your
time will be spent doing
detailed planning and analysis,
all focused on answering
those PIR. Essentially, you
will study the effects or
enemy, weather, and terrain
on the battlefield and the
mission.

The best way to study the
enemy, weather, and terrain is
through the IPB process. IPB--

o Enables you to focus
analytical efforts on a
specific part of the
battlefield.

2-5

FM 34-2-1

o Gives you a way to
systematically examine the
terrain and weather effects on
enemy and friendly actions.

o Helps you determine the
effects on R&S activities.

o Gives you an in-depth
view of how the enemy fight,
how they reconnoiter, and where
they may be most vulnerable.

Most importantly, IPB gives
you a way to synchronize your
K&S plan with the gener^r

battle plan. JFigure 2-1
illustrates the commander's
decision-making process
(supported by IPB). If it is
done right, IPB is people-
intensive and time-consuming.
This brings us to a second
principle of R&S.

DO AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE
AHEAD OF TIME

The first four functions of
the IPB process are homework
functions. That means you
build a data base on terrain
and weather conditions, and
enemy order of battle (OB)
before hostilities. For
example, your unit has received
a new contingency mission for
some part of the world. Given
this mission, begin collecting
information on terrain features
and conditions for the area
your unit is responsible for.
You might get this information
from existing maps, area
studies, or special engineer
products. Then build a data
base on the people, customs,
culture, and other demographics
of the region.

Also, collect information
on historic weather patterns
and conditions for your area.
Develop a data base that
includes how the weather
influences the terrain and
the people of that region.

Finally, learn as much as
you can about the potential
threat in that region.
Depending on how much time you
had and now much information
were available, you would—

o Find out individual unit
identifications, unit
organization, and garrison
locations.

o Determine the status of
unit training and overall
combat readiness.

o Study threat tactics,
both doctrinally and
historically.

o Build a data base
containing all this
information.

o Update your data base as
more recent information becomes
available. (Don't forget to
ask higher headquarters for
data base information already
obtained.)

INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF
THE BATTLEFIELD PROCESS

The majority of the IPB
process needs to be done ahead
of time. You simply will not
have time during combat to
establish any data base or to
perform an in-depth analysis of
the enemy, weather, or

2-6

FM 34-2-1

MISSION RECEIVED

STAFF ACTIONS

COMMANDER'S ACTIONS

PROVIDES

INFORMATION TO COMMANDER

(STAFF SITUATION UPDATE)

PROVIDES
INFORMATION TO STAFF

^ w

• MISSION ANALYSIS

• RESTATED MISSION

• COMMANDER'S PLANNING
GUIDANCE

• COMMANDER'S INTENT

• INITIAL PIR

<— !

T
A
F
F

,->
| E
! S
i T
i 1
! M
! A
i T
| E

G2 OR S2 BRIEFS CURRENT

ENEMY SITUATION,

TEMPLATES, AND COAs

C 1
ON

STAFF WAR GAMES POTENTIAL
COAS

MV
MO

A 1

A L
NV
DE
E M
RE
N
T

PRESENTS MOST LIKELY COAs

PRESENTS DST
(MOST LIKELY COAs)

\ n

• COMMANDER'S WAR GAMING
(UPDATES PIR)

• COMMANDER'S DECISION

• COMMANDER'S CONCEPT

<«J

PREPARATION OF PLANS OR

ORDERS (INCLUDES FINAL

VERSION OF DST)

^^\.

ISSUANCE OF PLANS OR ORDERS

(INCLUDES FORWARDING DST TO

SUBORDINATE OR FUNCTIONAL

CDRS WHEN REQUIRED)

^^"^^

\ /

APPROVAL OF PLANS OR ORDERS

. |

\. J

\ *

FEEDBACK

'sUPERVISIOh

FEEDBACK

i !

LEGE

ND:

— Informal guidance flowing down.

MISSION ACCOMPLISHED

Figure 2-1. Commander's decision-making process (supported by IPB).

2-7

FM 34-2-1

terrain. To successfully plan
and execute the R&S operation,
you must have this detailed
analysis. The IPB process has
five components:

o Battlefield area
evaluation (BAE).

o Terrain analysis.

o Weather analysis.

o Threat evaluation.

o Threat integration.

Refer to FM 34-130,
Intelligence Preparation of the
Battlefield, for detailed
information on IPB.

BATTLEFIELD AREA EVALUATION

BAE is the first step of
the IPB process. Begin your
analysis oy figuring out what

gart of the battlefield should
e of interest to you and your
commander. The end result of
this step is the identification
of the area of interest (AI):
That part of the battlefield
which contains significant
terrain features or enemy units
and weapon systems that may
affect your unit's near or
future battle.

BAE is a crucial step in
the IPB process because it
focuses your analytical efforts
on a finite piece of the
battlefield. By extension, it
will also provide geographic
limits to your R&S ana
collection efforts.

The commander bases the
unit's AI on many things. It
is normally an expansion of
your unit's area of operations
(AO). It should be large
enough to provide answers to
the commander's PIR; yet small
enough to prevent your
analytical efforts from
becoming unfocused.
Determining the AI depends on
the unit mission and threat
capabilities. For example, if
your unit is to attack, your AI
should extend across your LD/LC
up to and surrounding your
intermediate and subsequent
objectives.

If the mission is to
defend, the AI should extend
far enough to include any
possible units that might
reinforce against you. You can
base your AI considerations in
terms of time and on how fast
on or thp pnpmy moves.

igure 2-2| lists general
distance guidelines in hours
and kilometers; use this to
determine your unit's AI.

Considerations for your AI
should be expressed in terms of
distance, based on—

oHow your unit attacks.

o How the enemy attacks.

o What your commander needs
to know.

For example, a battalion
commander fighting an attacking
enemy using Soviet tactics is
normally interested in 1st- and

2-8

2nd-echelon battalions of
lst-echelon regiments.

Doctrinally, these units
would normally be from 1 to 15
kilometers from our FLOT.
Therefore, the AI should extend
forward at least 15 kilometers.

You must determine your AI
during mission analysis. Your
commander and S3 play a big

?art in formulating the AI.
hey tell you what their
intelligence concerns are.
Like PIR, your unit's AI must
be the commander s and must be
.sent to higher heajdquarters.
Figures 2-3 and |2-4| snow
examples of AIs tor defensive
and offens ive missions.
Figure 2-5 shows both defensive
ana offensive. It will help in
determining your unit's AI.

TERRAIN ANALYSIS AND
WEATHER ANALYSIS

The next two steps in the
IPB process are terrain and

FM 34-2-1

weather analyses. Essentially,
these are detailed studies of
how the terrain and weather
will affect both friendly and
enemy operations.
Specifically, terrain and
weather will dictate how
effective R&S assets will be,
and where they should go to
be most effective. Your
knowledge of terrain and
weather will allow you to
anticipate effects on friendly
and enemy R&S systems and
operations.

Terrain analysis and
weather analysis should
start as soon as you have
determined your AI. Do not
wait until you deploy to
start your analysis! The
more prepared you are, the
better the R&S aLajl will be.

Figures 2-6| and [2-7| show
specific uses and effects
for terrain and weather
analyses.

COMMAND ECHELON

AREA OF INTEREST

Hours

Kilometers

Battalion

Up to 12

Up to 15

Brigade

Up to 24

Up to 30

Division

Up to 72

Up to 100

Figure 2-2. General distance guidelines.

2-9

FM 34-2-1

Figure 2-3. Area of interest in the defense.

LOA

1ST BDE AREA OF INTEREST

2-10

Figure 2-4. Area of interest in the offense.

FM 34-2-1

DEFENSE

ECHELON TIME

DISTANCE

WHAT YOU WILL SEE

Up to

hours

15 km

Flanks: 3 to 6

either side

Forward: out to enemy first
and second echelon bn of
first echelon regts.
km -Regimental artillery

-Regimental air defense
-Div or regimental recon
-Tank bn (-) (MRR)

Bde

Up to

hours

Forward:
30 km

out to

Flanks: 6 to 10 km
either side

Enemy first and second
echelon regt of first echelon
div

-Div artillery -ITB
-Div ADA -tank regt
-SSMs fQF MRDs)

Div

Up to

hours

Forward :
100 km

out to

Flanks: 2 to

30 km either side

Rear: out to

30 km

Enemy first and second
echelon div of first echelon
armies

-Div, Army, or front arty
-Div or Army ADA -SSMs
-Div, Army, or front avn
-Follow-on div
-Div or Army CP -OMG

OFFENSE

Up to Forward: out to
12 subsequent
hours obj ective

Flanks: out to
3 to 6 km of
axis or zone

Security echelon or first
echelon bn in main defensive
area

-Div or regt recon

-Pit or co strong points

-AT systems or pit

-Tank bn (-) (MRR)

Bde

Up to Forward: out to
24 subsequent
hours obj ective

Flanks: out to
6 to 10 km of
axis or zone

First and second echelon bn
of main defensive area

-Co/bn strong points/ fire

sacks
-AT battery

-Tank regt or ITB (MRD)
-AT bn

Up to Forward: out to
72 subsequent
hours obj ective
Div Flanks: out to

25 to 30 km of
axis or zone

Rear: out to 30 km

First and second echelon regt
in Army main defensive area
-Tank regt or ITB (MRD)
-Div, Army, or front arty
-ITR or tank div of Army

Second defensive echelon
-SSMs
-Div or Army avn

Figure 2-5. Defensive and offensive areas of interest.

2-11

FM 34-2-1

TERRAIN FACTOR

R&S APPLICATION

Observation

Ensuring LOS for GSRs
Emplacement of OPs/LPs and NODs
Ensuring radio LOS for comm with R&S assets
Templating enemy R&S asset locations
Templating enemy smoke and obscurant
employment

Field of Fire

Templating enemy defensive positions
Templating possible enemy obstacle

locations
Coordinating friendly supporting fires

for patrols and other R&S assets

Concealment
and cover

Ensuring routes for friendly patrols

and scouts
Emplacement of REMBASS sensor strings
Emplacement of LPs, OPs, and GSRs
Templating enemy patrols
Templating enemy obstacles

Obstacles

Ensuring routes for friendly patrols

and scouts
Emplacement of REMBASS sensor strings
Emplacement of LPs, OPs, and GSRs
Templating enemy patrols
Templating enemy obstacles

Key terrain

Emplacement of LPs, OPs, GSRs, NODs,

and REMBASS
Ensuring routes for friendly patrols

or scouts
Templating enemy patrols, recon, or

obstacles
Templating enemy movement or defensive

positions

AAs

Emplacement of OPs, LPs, GSRs, NODs,

and REMBASS
Templating enemy movement or defensive

positions
Templating enemy recon effort

Figure 2-6. Special uses and effects of terrain.

2-12

FM 34-2-1

ENVIRON-
MENTAL
EFFECTS

PVS5

PVS2

DRAGON
PVS4 THERMAL

TVS2/5

TVS4

TOW THERMAL
PAS7/UAS11

GSR

REMBASS

Reduced
visibility
(in meters)
(darkness,
smoke and fog)

MLT
200

MLT
400

MLT
600

MLT
1,000

MLT
1,200

MLT
2,000

MLT
3,200

No
EFX

Surface winds
(in knots)

No
EFX

SGT

MGT

SGT

45
MGT

Temperature
(in fahrenheit)

SGT
125

MLT
32

SGT
125

MLT
-20

No
EFX

SGT
125

MLT (5)
-20

SGT
125

SLT (PAS7)
-25

MLT(UAS11)
20

No
EFX

Precipitation

All sensors are severely degraded by heavy rain or snow.

LEGEND: S = Severe degradation M = Moderate degradation LT = Less than GT = Greater than
EFX = Effects

Figure 2-7. Effects of environment on R&S.

THREAT EVALUATION

Once you have analyzed
terrain and weather, begin a
thorough study of enemy—

o Composition.

o Disposition.

o Tactics.

o Training.

o Combat readiness.

o Logistic support.

o Electronic technical

o Personalities.

o Other miscellaneous
factors.

This study results in
threat evaluation, the fourth
step in the IPB process.
During this step—

o Develop a doctrinal
template file.

o Build up your threat data
base.

o Evaluate threat
capabilities.

data.

2-13

FM 34-2-1

Doctrinal templates are
important because they show how
the enemy doctrinally attacks
or defends in various
situations. Knowing how the
enemy defends will tell you
what you ought to look for in
order to confirm that they are,
in fact, defending.

Knowing how the enemy
employs reconnaissance in the
attack will help you target
them, allowing you to destroy
or neutralize those assets. It
also helps you determine which
of those assets are most
important to the enemy's
reconnaissance effort.

Figures 2-8 and 2-9

l 4

are

examples of doctrinal templates
you might use specifically for
R&S planning. Whenever you use
doctrinal templates, you must
temper them with some reality.
For example: a Soviet
regimental attack template has
set doctrinal sector widths.
It serves no purpose to place
this over a map where a
battalion falls outside an AA.
There is enough leeway even in
Soviet doctrine to conform to
terrain limitations; when using
the template you must make
those same allowances.

A careful study of threat
doctrine tells how fast they
will attack in various
situations. This information
will become very important
later on. For right now,
remember during threat
evaluation that you determine

enemy doctrinal rates of

advance.

Figure 2-10

is a

table of enemy rates of advance
for specific situations and
terrain.

Finally, knowing how the
threat uses weapon systems and
units gives you an appreciation
of which are most important to
the enemy commander in a
particular situation. These
important weapon systems and
units are called high value
targets (HVTs). They are the
starting point for the target
value analysis process. Target
acquisition is an important
aspect of R&S and CR. Target
value analysis will play a big
role in your R&S planning.

THREAT INTEGRATION

Remember, the four IPB
steps should be started before
deployment. They ought to be
part of your day-by-day
intelligence operations. You
are now at the point where you
can pull together what you nave
developed about the enemy,
weather, and terrain and apply
it to a specific battlefield
situation.

This step is threat
integration. You will discover
you can also perform some
threat integration functions
ahead of time. The first such
function is to develop a series
of situation templates
depicting how you think the
enemy will deploy assets.

Situation Template

The situation template
takes what is on the doctrinal

2-14

FM 34-2-1

LEGEND:

<1 I APC /_\ Platoon observation post iqqqi Mixed minefield

< / Nv > Tank 7\ Company observation post ^^Hl^/ Defensive position

Figure 2-8. Doctrinal template of an MRC (reinforced) strong point.

2-15

FM 34-2-1

z
o

DC
O

s
o
o

HSH

— *<D

^K3!

Figure 2-9. Offensive doctrinal template.

2-16

34-2-1

RATES OF MARCH

UNOPPOSED TACTICAL THREAT RATES OF MARCH
Unpaved road or trail 20 to 30 km/h 1 km/h 2 min

Cross country 5 to 1 5 km/h 1 km/h 4 min

Paved roads 30 to 40 km/h 6 km/h 10 min

Assault 11 to 22 Km/h 1 km/h 3 min

RATES OF MOVEMENT (km/h)

PREPARED DEFENSE

HASTY DEFENSE

RATIO
THREAT: OPPOSITION

SLOW
GO

NO
GO

SLOW
GO

NO
GO

Intense resistance
1 :1

1.0

Very heavy resistance
2:1

1.5

1.0

Heavy resistance
3:1

1.2

.75

1.3

Medium resistance
4:1

1.4

1.0

1.75

Light resistance
5:1

1.5

1.1

2.6

1.0

Negligible resistance
4:1

1.7+

1.3+

.6 +

3.0+

2.3+

1.1 +

Opposed doctrinal rates of advance

6 km/h covering force 1 km/h 10 min
2 km/h MBA 1 km/h 30 min
5 km/h rear 1 km/h 12 min

Figure 2-10. Threat rates off advance.

2-17

FM 34-2-1

template and integrates what
you know about weather and
terrain. The situation
templates will show how an
enemy unit might modify its
doctrine and tactics because of
the effects of weather and
terrain.

|Figure 2-11 is an example
of one situation template. It
is important to understand that
you should develop as many
situation templates as there
are enemy COAs. This allows
you to thoroughly examine what
options the enemy has for each
COA.

For example, you may
discover enemy forces have to
use specific bridges, road
intersections, or mobility
corridors (MCs) for a specific
COA. Or you may discover that
the terrain offers the enemy
several choices to attack. Or
you may determine the terrain
offers a limited number of
suitable enemy defensive
positions. And you may learn
that the terrain only provides
a limited number of concealed
routes for enemy reconnaissance
to enter your sector.

The bridges, road
intersections, and possible
defensive positions you have
identified become NAI. Focus
your attention on these NAI
because it is there you expect
something to happen. What you
see or fail to see at your NAI
will confirm whether or not the
enemy is doing what you
expected them to do, as
projected on the situation

template. NAI do several
things for you. They—

o Focus the collection
effort on specific points or
areas of the battlefield.

o Tell you what to look for
and when you should expect to
see it, at those points or
areas on the battlefield (based
on the situation templates).

o Enable you to decide
which of your R&S assets are
best suited to cover a
particular NAI. For example,
a point NAI for a road
intersection where you expect
to see a motorized rifle
company (MRC) might require
seismic-acoustic sensors. On
the other hand, an area NAI
designated for a dug-in BMP
platoon might require a
dismounted patrol.

Remember, one of the things
you did during threat
evaluation was to determine
enemy rates of advance. You
now put this knowledge to work
by developing time phase lines
(TPLs) . Think of TPLs as
snapshots of an enemy or a
friendly frontline trace. A
series of TPLs would portray
friendly or enemy movement over
a period of time.

Event Template

If you combine NAI with
TPLs, you will be able to show
approximately when and where
you would expect to see enemy
critical events occur. This
is basically what the event

2-18

FM 34-2-1

Figure 2-11. Situation template.

2-19

FM 34-2-1

template does,
a sample event

Figure 2-12| is
:emplate.

The event template allows
you to—

o Confirm or deny your
situation templates.

o Gauge enemy and friendly
rates of movement.

o Compare rates of movement
between MCs and AAs.

o Cue other collection
assets based on friendly and
enemy movement.

Of all IPB products, the
event template is the most
important product for the R&S
effort. As you will see, the
event template is also the
basis for the decision support
template (DST).

In many situations you
might find it helpful to
calculate how long an enemy
unit would take to move from
one NAI to another. Normally,
your calculations will be based
on opposition and doctrinal
rates of advance. Situational
aspects such as weather,
terrain, and your previous
hindering actions are also
factored in.

Comparing actual movement
rates with your calculations
will tell you whether the enemy
is moving slower or faster than
expected. It will also help
you predict how long it will
actually take the enemy to
reach a certain point (your
FEBA, for example).

Event Analysis Matrix

The event analysis matrix
is a tool used along with the
event template to analyze

specific events. [Figure 2-13

shows examples of event
analysis matrixes.

Basically, you calculate
the not earlier than (NET) and
the not later than (NLT) times
lead elements of a unit will
arrive at an NAI. Determine
the distance between NAI and
multiply the distance by the
expected rate of advance.

For example, suppose the
distance between NAI 1 and NAI
2 is 2.5 kilometers. Suppose
also, for the sake of this
example, that the enemy
expected rate of advance is 6
kilometers per hour, or 1
kilometer every 10 minutes.
Use this formula to calculate
time:

distance
rate

= time

2.5 km -r .1 km (1 km every
10 minutes) = 25 minutes.
Therefore, it takes the unit 25
minutes to travel from NAI 1 to

NAI 2.

Decision Support
Template

The final IPB product is
the DST. The purpose of the
DST is to synchronize all
battlefield operating systems
(BOS) to the commander's best
advantage. The DST consists of
target areas of interest (TAI),
decision points or lines, TPLs,

2-20

FM 34-2-1

+ 3

+ 2.5

LEGEND:

Expected enemy avenues of approach.

Time phase lines.

Figure 2-12. Event template.

2-21

FM 34-2-1

AVENUE OF APPROACH: COORDINATES:

MOBILITY CORRIDOR: 1 P^T^iOJB

NAI

DISTANCE
(KM)

RATE OF
MOVEMENT

NET ^^"
./^NLT

TIME OBSERVED

ACTIVITY

TIME CONFIRMED

—

/ H-hours

Enemy recon elements,
groups, and patrols move
along MC 1.

18 km

20 km

H + 54 min^/
// H + 69 min

Activity is as per NAI 1.

20 km

H + 114 min /
/ H + 144 min

Recon elements assume
screen positions.

AVENUE OF APPROACH: COORDINATES:

MOBILITY CORRIDOR: 1 P^SSO^PA^O

NAI

DISTANCE
(KM)

RATE OF
MOVEMENT

NET ^^^
^^^NLT

TIME OBSERVED

ACTIVITY

TIME CONFIRMED

—

/H-hours

Enemy MRBs conduct
night river crossing with
illumination.

20 km

20KmPh

H + 1 /
y\\ + 75 min

Enemy counterattack with
reinforced TB.

18 km

20 KmPh

H + 104 min^/
^H + 144 min

Enemy reinforce MRB
shifting into prebattle
formation.

Figure 2-13. Event analysis matrixes.

2-22

FM 34-2-1

and a synchronization matrix

Figure 2-14

shows a DST.

There are many important
things you should know about
the DST. First, the DST is
a total staff product, not
something the S2 makes in
isolation. Although you may
begin the process of developing
the DST, the S3 and the
commander drive the
development.

Second, the DST is a

¥roduct of war gaming,
ogether with the rest of the
staff, you develop friendly
COAs which consider what you
envision the enemy doing. As
a result of this action,
reaction, and counteraction
war game, you identify actions
and decisions that may occur
during the battle.

Third, the R&S plan must
support the DST.

Fourth, you can use the
DST, as well as the general
battle plan, to synchronize
the R&S effort.

As a result of the
war-gaming process, the
staff identifies HPTs--those
enemy weapon systems and
units that must be acquired
and successfully attacked
for the success of the
friendly commander's mission.
The staff identifies HPTs from
the list of HVTs you developed
during threat evaluation.
(See FM 6-20-10, TTP for
the Targeting Process.)

Once the staff has decided
on HPTs, it begins to identify
where on the battlefield it can
best interdict them. These
interdicting sites are labelled
TAI . The next step is for the
staff to decide how best to
interdict the enemy at a
particular TAI. The method of
interdiction will determine the
location of decision points or
lines.

Decision points or lines
are a time and a place on the
battlefield which represent the
last chance your commander has
to decide to use a specific
system for a particular TAI.
Once the enemy or friendly
forces pass the decision point,
the ability to use that system
is lost. Logically, you should
monitor decision points to
detect if and when enemy units
enter and to confirm enemy
rates of movement.

This logical relationship
shows that NAI (such as your
event template) must support
your decision points. Tnere is
a relationship between NAI and
TAI as well. If battle damage
assessment of a particular TAI
is important, your event
template (and your R&S plan)
must support that TAI.

RECONNAISSANCE & SURVEILLANCE
PLAN DEVELOPMENT

There are many things you
must consider when you develop
the R&S plan. You will
probably have to think about
fire support, maneuver,

2-23

FM 34-2-1

v,P« -» \

PL A " PLB

Dl V \ — ..1 __

rL A

1] l Y^\l

[ai \^S?J ,,i,, »v \ Hfok

^^^jL-^

^^\ Y(ilC

r ^f£®\ wh

Mr*

Kl " / J}

J- 1 lU/w ATCH&S \VJ

\^/j

R I Aim.

(T]tai

h^k

PIR river

JAM recon.

— i

PIR 2d echelon. JAM

JAM

PIR 2d

INTELLIGENCE

crossing

and

recon.

regiment Counter comm.

division
comm.

echelon
division.

2/68 north.

Attack hills

Screen forward

MANEUVER

E of WATCH.

Continue attack \
or pursuit, \

HPT:

Suppress

CUE

HPT: 1st echelon defensive

CUE tab.

HPT: OBJ

FIRE
SUPPORT

Recon

recon.

tab

TAIs and ADA,

WATCH.

and

Smoke crossing sites

security

3 and 4, Air strike E bank.

forces.

Status:
Tight

Upgrade ADA alert

ADA

Concentrate on rotary

aircraft.

Priority

AVLB: Forward

Establish

M/CM/S

engineer
S-->N.
MOPP 2.

countermeasures on road
toN.

decon site
on river.

Move trains

Trains cross

CSS

to W bank.

river.

Establish

Jump main forward TAC to

Continue attack.

c 3

retrans

C2 crossing.

on high

ground

to rear.

Figure 2-14. Decision support template.

2-24

FM 34-2-1

engineer augmentation, and
command and control (C 2 ).
You will also want to make sure
the R&S plan fits into your
commander's overall scheme of
maneuver.

You will want to make sure
the R&S plan is closely tied to
fire support and maneuver for
the CR mission as well. You
can synchronize these elements
by completing the synchroniza-
tion matrix as a staff. Once
again, completing the matrix
can only be done by war gaming.

We have discussed IPB and
the importance of doing as much
as you can ahead of time. The

grimary reason for this is
ecause you will not have a lot
of time for in-depth analysis
in the field.

On one hand, your higher
headquarters normally gives you
a deadline to develop and
forward a copy of your R&S
plans to them. You want to get
your assets out looking as soon
as possible. On the other
hand, you may feel you have to
wait until your subordinates
give you their R&S plans.

Do not wait! "Time is
blood!" The faster your R&S
assets are out looking, the
more time they will have to
find what you want.

Do not delay your planning
because you do not have a
complete situation template, or
because you do not have all

our subordinate units' plans.

f necessary, give your K&S

assets an initial mission and
update the mission when you
have had the time to do more
detailed planning.

The technique that allows
you, your subordinate units,
and your higher headquarters
to conduct R&S planning
simultaneously is the use
of limits of responsibility.
A limit of responsibility is
a boundary defining where a
particular unit should
concentrate its R&S efforts.

In essence, a limit of
responsibility is a "no further
than" line; it tells the unit,
"your R&S responsibility stops
here." |Figure 2-15| is an
example or limits of
responsibility for battalions,
brigades, and divisions. They
may be tied to a unit's AI or
may depend entirely on mission,
enemy, terrain, time, and
troops available (METT-T).

The key is that limits of
responsibility allow each
echelon to formulate its R&S
plan independently. It is
important to note that an R&S
plan is never a finished
product. Because the situation
and the operational plan will
most likely change, the R&S
plan must change to fit them.

This chapter discussed R&S
and CR definitions, PIR, the
contributions of IPB to R&S,
and limits of responsibility.
If you understand these
concepts, you have a solid
foundation on which to build
your R&S plan. The next

2-25

FM 34-2-1

chapter talks about assets you
may have available to you.
These will be the bridks for

you to actually build your
plan.

2-26

Figure 2-15. R&S limits of responsibility.

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 3
ASSETS AND EQUIPMENT

Before you can develop an
R&S plan you must know the
characteristics of available
assets and equipment. This
chapter discusses the organic
and supporting R&S assets and
equipment available to you,
the maneuver battalion, and
the brigade S2. This chapter
also discusses the basic
capabilities and limitations
of these assets.

Due to security
classifications, detailed
information on some assets
is not included. Refer to the
appropriate field manuals for
further details. Some assets
are staff officers; this
chapter gives you the types of
information they can provide
and equipment they might use.

ASSETS AND EQUIPMENT ORGANIC
TO THE MANEUVER BATTALION

At the battalion level the
commander is fighting close-in
operations. To support the
commander, focus the collection
effort at the 1st- and
2d-echelon battalions of
lst-echelon regiments (out to
15 kilometers). The assets
available to conduct R&S
missions at the battalion
are limited. Since the assets
available to conduct R&S
missions at the battalion

are limited, the S2 faces a
challenge when planning R&S
operations. Some of the
available assets are scouts,
patrols, OPs/LPs, soldiers,
and equipment.

SCOUT PLATOON

The scout platoon's primary
missions in support of the
battalion are reconnaissance
and screening. FM 17-98
contains a detailed discussion
of scout platoons. Presently
all scout platoons are being
reequipped with 10 high
mobility multipurpose wheeled
vehicles (HMMWVs).

Capabilities

The scout platoon can
perform missions—

o Mounted or dismounted.

o In various terrain
conditions.

o Under all weather
conditions.

o Day and night.

The primary mission of the
scout platoon is reconnais-
sance. The scout platoon, with
fire support protection, can
conduct reconnaissance missions

3-1

FM 34-2-1

10 to 15 kilometers beyond the
FEBA. These distances vary
with the type of scout platoon
and METT-T.

The scout platoon is the
only asset found at the
maneuver battalion specifically
trained to conduct reconnais-
sance. Other missions the
scout platoon conducts are—

o Quartering party duties.

o NBC reconnaissance,
including chemical detection
and radiological surveying and
monitoring.

o Limited pioneer and
demolition.

o Security missions.

o Reconnoiter and establish
OPs and LPs.

Limitations

The scout platoon conducts
reconnaissance operations as
part of a larger combined
arms force. The scout platoon
depends on its parent unit
for combat support and combat
service support to augment
and sustain its operations.
Remember, the scout platoon's
design and training is to
reconnoiter platoon size
areas only.

In addition, a full
strength platoon--

o Reconnoiters only a
single route during route
reconnaissance; METT-T is
the determining factor.

o Reconnoiters a zone 3
to 5 kilometers wide; METT-T
may increase or decrease the
zone.

o During screening
missions, is extremely limited
in its ability to destroy or
repel enemy reconnaissance
units.

NOTE : Airborne and light
infantry scouts are not
mounted; they reconnoiter
areas out 500 to 1,000 meters
during most missions.

o During CR operations,
can only acquire and maintain
visual contact with the enemy;
can kill or repel enemy
reconnaissance elements only
if augmented or task organized
with infantry, armor, or AT
assets.

o Operates six OPs for
limited periods (under 12
hours); or three OPs for
extended periods (over 12
hours ) . The light scout
platoon usually operates
three OPs.

o Is restricted in the
distance it can operate
from the main body, due to
communications range and
range of supporting elements.

3-2

FM 34-2-1

o Cannot operate
continuously on all battalion
nets (such as battalion
command, operations and
intelligence, rear operations,
and mortar) while operating on
the platoon net. The platoon
leader can monitor only two
nets at the same time.

o Uses the HMMWV with only
a 30-inch fording capability;
its reconnaissance,
surveillance, target
acquisition, and night
observation equipment includes
the AN/UAS-11, Night Vision
Sight; AN/PVS-4, Night Vision
Sight, Individual Weapon;
AN/PVS-5, Night Vision Goggles;
and binoculars.

PATROLS (MANEUVER ELEMENTS)

There are two basic
categories of patrols:
reconnaissance and combat. A
patrol is a detachment sent to
conduct reconnaissance, combat,
or both. It consists of at
least two people who may be
accompanied by specially
trained personnel or augmented
with equipment essential to the
mission. All maneuver elements
conduct patrols during combat
operations to provide
reconnaissance, CR, security,
and small-scale combat
operations.

Reconnaissance patrols
collect information and confirm
or disprove the accuracy of

¥reviously gained information,
he three types of
reconnaissance patrols are
route, area, and zone.

Combat patrols provide
security and harass, destroy,
or capture enemy personnel,
equipment, and installations.
The three types of combat
patrols are raid, ambush, and
security.

Capabilities

Patrols can conduct
missions mounted or dismounted
in various terrain and weather
conditions. Patrols can also
conduct missions 10 to 15
kilometers beyond the FEBA.
Patrols sometimes pass through
the scout platoon to conduct
missions. Indirect fire should
support patrols at all times.
The distance for patrol
missions varies with the type
of patrol and METT-T. The
company must always coordinate
with the battalion before the
patrons departure to eliminate
redundancy and gaps.

Limitations

Patrols have many of the
same limitations as the scout
platoon. Patrols normally do
not provide surveillance for
extended periods. Patrols can
reconnoiter an area, establish
OPs/LPs for a limited period,
and then leave.

OBSERVATION POSTS/

LISTENING POSTS
(MANEUVER ELEMENTS)

Units establish OPs/LPs to
provide security, surveillance
of NAI, and early warning of
enemy activities. They are in
use extensively during limited

3-3

FM 34-2-1

visibility. Proper emplacement
includes concealment and unit
support by fire.

Patrols differ in training
and logistic support from scout
platoons and normally do not
establish OPs/LPs for extended
periods. If you use patrols
to conduct surveillance for
extended periods, you are
mismanaging your K&S assets.
OPs/LPs are tasked to provide
surveillance for extended
periods as long as they meet
the requirements stated above.

Capabilities

Units can employ
practically an unlimited
number of OPs/LPs. They can
provide 24-hour coverage if
they have the proper day and
night observation devices,
GSks , or sensors. They can
remain undetected due to lack
of movement. Units can use
OPs/LPs all over the
battlefield as long as they are
provided with fire support.

Limitations

OPs/LPs cannot operate
for 24 hours if they do not
have the proper equipment.
A security element must be
near the OP/LP to provide
support and security in a
timely manner.

SOLDIERS

During combat, soldiers
are scattered all over the
battlefield; thus, they can

provide a large quantity of
real-time information. You
must get involved in the
training to increase the
timeliness and accuracy of
information reported. All
soldiers, from private to
general officer, must know
how to properly send
information up the chain.

Capabilities

Soldiers can determine the
types and numbers of enemy
approaching.

Limitations

Soldiers do not always have
the right equipment to send
information quickly.

EQUIPMENT

Night observation devices
(NODS) are either active or
passive equipment designed to
permit observation during
darkness. Active equipment
transmits infrared or white
light to illuminate the
target. Passive devices use
either ambient light (from the
stars, moon, or other
low-intensity illumination) or
operate by detecting the
differences in heat (infrared
energy) radiated by different
objects. Heavy ram, snow,
fog, or smoke degrade the
effectiveness of these
devices. You should use NODS
on night p atrols and OPs/LPs.
IFigure 3-l| shows observation
equipment associated with the
maneuver battalion.

3-4

FM 34-2-1

DEVICE

CAPABILITIES

ADVANTAGES AND
CHARACTERISTICS DISADVANTAGES

AN/PVS-2 NV 200 to 400 m
Individual Weapon

AN/TVS-2 NV
Sight,
Crew-served
Weapons

AN/TVS-4 NV

AN/PVS-4 NV
Sight,
Individual
Weapons

AN/TVS-5
Sight,
Crew-served
Weapons

AN/PVS-5 NVG

An/TAS-5

Thermal

Dragon

Sight

light

AN/UAS-12
Thermal TOW
Sight

1,000 m
starlight,
1,200 m
moonlight

1,200 to
2,000 m

400 m
starlight,
600 m
moonlight

1,000 m
starlight,
1,200 m
moonlight

150 m

1,000 m
( + )

3,000 m

(+)

Weight 6 lbs Not detectable.
4 x magnification

Weight 15 lbs Not detectable.

Weight 3.6 lbs Not detachable.
7 x magnification

Weight 3.6 lbs Not detectable.

Weight 7 lbs

Weight 1.9 lbs

Weight 22 lbs

Not detectable.

Not detectable.
Eye fatigue
after 3 to 5
hours .

Penetrates all
conditions of
limited visi-
bility and
foliage. Not
detectable.
Short battery
and coolant
bottle life.

Weight 18.7 lbs Same as

AN/TAS-5,

A/V

Figure 3-1. Observation equipment associated with the maneuver battalion.

3-5

FM 34-2-1

DEVICE

CAPABILITIES

CHARACTERISTICS

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES

AN/UAS-11

Thermal

NOD

Binoculars

3,000 m
(+)

Intensifies
natural light,

AN/PAQ-4 150 m

Infrared (limited by
Aiming Light PVS-5)

AN/PAS-7
Hand-Held
Thermal
Viewer

Detects
personnel
at 400 m,
at 1 km.

Weight 58.4 lbs
w/tripod

7 x 50 power
or 6 x 30 power

Weight .5 lbs
Used with
AN/PVS-5 and
mounts on Ml 6.

Weight 9.5 lbs

Same as

AN/TAS-5,

Not detectable.
Requires some
type of visible
light.

Permits aimed
fire during
darkness.
Detectable.

Penetrates all
conditions of
limited visi-
bility and
light foliage.
Not detectable

Figure 3-1. Observation equipment associated with the maneuver battalion (continued).

ASSETS AND PERSONNEL

NORMALLY SUPPORTING

THE MANEUVER BATTALION

Assets and personnel that
normally support the maneuver
battalion include GSR, REMBASS,
field artillery, engineer
olatoon, air defense artillery
olatoon, Army aviation, and
:actical Air Force.

GROUND SURVEILLANCE RADAR

GSR provides the tactical
commander with timely combat
information and target
acquisition data. The primary
capability of GSR is to search,
detect, and locate moving

objects durine limited
visibility. GSR is capable of
accurately locating targets for
rapid engagement. It provides
early warning of enemy movement
and assists friendly forces in
movement control.

Tasks

GSR is used to—

o Detect enemy movement
during limited visibility.

o Monitor NAI.

o Monitor barriers and
obstacles to detect enemy
breaching.

3-6

FM 34-2-1

o Monitor flanks.

o Extend the capabilities
of patrols and OPs/LPs.

o Vector patrols.

o During daylight, detect
enemy obscured by haze, smoke,
or fog.

o Monitor possible drop
zones or landing zones.

Capabilities

GSRs can—

o Penetrate smoke, haze,
fog, light rain and snow, and
light foliage.

o Operate in complete
darkness.

o Detect moving personnel
and equipment.

o Be moved around on the
battlefield.

o Provide adjustment of
indirect fire.

Limitations

GSR limitations are—

o Emits active radar waves
which are subject to enemy
detection and electronic
countermeasures (ECM) .

o Performance is degraded
by heavy rain or snow and dense
foliage.

o Line of sight (LOS)
operation only.

o Limited mobility of the
AN/PPS-5.

o Limited range of the
AN/PPS-15.

Characteristics

GSR should be used with
NODS as complementary
surveillance devices, since
each device can be used to
overco me the limi tations of the
other. | Figure 3-2| shows GSR
characteristics. GSRs are
organic to the MI battalion,
intelligence and surveillance
(I&S) company. The MI
Battalion provides GSRs in
direct support (DS) of brigade
operations. GSR teams that are
DS to the brigade can be
attached to maneuver battalion
and company elements to support
the commanders.

Radar Allocation

Radar is allocated as
follows:

o Heavy Division:

—Three squads of four
teams each.

—One PPS-5 per team
equals 12 PPS-5's.

o Light Division:

—Four squads of three
teams each.

3-7

FM 34-2-1

AN/PPS-5

AN/PPS-15

RANGE: Personnel
Vehicles

6,000 m
10,000 m

1,500 m
3,000 m

ACCURACY: Range
Azimuth

±20m
±10 mils

+20 m
+ 10mils

* SECTOR SCAN:

Automatic -553, 1,067, 1,600,
and 1,955 mils (selectable)

Automatic

800 or 1,600 mils

INDICATORS:

Audio and visual
(A- and B- scope)

Audio and visual
(digital readout)

REMOTE CAPABILITY: 15.24m 9.144m
* Both radars can be manually rotated to any azimuth and manual scanning can be performed.

Figure 3-2. GSR characteristics.

—One PPS-15 per team
equals 12 PPS-15's.

o Airborne division and air
assault division:

—Three squads of four
teams each.

—Three PPS-15's per
squad equal nine PPS-15's
(two-person team).

—One PPS-5 per squad
equals three PPS-5's
(three-person team).

Site Selection Factors

General site selection
should be made in close
coordination with the GSR team
leader whenever possible;
specific site selection should
always be left to the team
leader. This takes advantage

of the team leader's expertise
and knowledge of the GSK. Site
selection should provide—

o Protection by combat
elements, as far forward as
possible to provide the
earliest warning.

o LOS between radar and
target.

o Communication capability.

o Concealment and cover.

o Protection against ECM.

Remember, radars are an
extreme electronic security
risk. Both the main and side
lobes emit sufficient energy
for the enemy to detect and
use radio ECM. GSRs, once
detected, can give indicators
to the enemy showing the size

3-8

FM 34-2-1

and disposition of friendly
elements. GSRs can be
destroyed or jammed. The
following are common-sense
OPSEC measures to be used with
GSRs:

o Use terrain or vegetation
to absorb or scatter side
lobes.

o Place radar site so the
target is between the radar and
the hills or forests to limit
the detection range.

o Schedule random operating
periods of short duration.

GSRs can be used in tandem
with two or more widely
dispersed radars having the
capability to illuminate the
same target area, alternating
operation times. The GSR can
also be used with a night
vision device that may not have
the same range capability, but
will provide some coverage when
the radar is turned off.

REMBASS

REMBASS is organic to the
airborne, air assault, and
light division MI battalion,
I&S company. REMBASS can
remain under division, in
general support (GS); or the
division can provide it in DS
to maneuver brigades, division
support command headquarters,
armored cavalry squadron, or
maneuver battalion. REMBASS
teams report directly to the
G2 or S2 of the supported
unit. The sensor monitoring

set, which functions as the
sensor output display, provides
target identification and
classification. In most cases,
the sensor monitoring set is
placed at the supported unit's
TOC.

REMBASS teams hand deploy
the sensors and repeaters; they
also provide personnel to
operate a monitoring device.
REMBASS allocations are
different for all divisions
and are based on each
divisions particular mission.
It is important to remember
to include the REMBASS team
leader in planning REMBASS
missions.

Capabilities

REMBASS is an all-weather,
day or night surveillance
system, activated by magnetic,
seismic-acoustic, or infrared
changes from moving targets.
REMdASS transmits target data
by FM radio link to the
monitors. With this data the
operator can determine the
target's--

o Direction of travel.

o Rate of speed.

o Length of column.

o Approximate number.

o Type (Personnel or
wheeled or tracked vehicles).

REMBASS can operate in
unusual climatic conditions and

3-9

FM 34-2-1

on varied terrain. REMBASS
has transmission ranges of 15
kilometers (ground-to-ground),
and 100 kilometers (ground-
to-air). Because or the
flexibility and wide range
of REMBASS application,
various sensor combinations
can be selected to suit any
given mission.

Limitations

Hand emplacement of sensors
and repeaters in hostile areas
increases employment response
time. The sensor requires
radio LOS to transmit data to
the monitor. The equipment's
weight and size limit the
amount and distance personnel
can hand carry for emplacement.
REMBASS receivers are highly
susceptible to electronic
jamming; barrage jamming being
the most effective. Operator
proficiency greatly affects the
results obtained.

Equipment

REMBASS teams normally use
three different types of
sensors: magnetic,
seismic-acoustic, and
infrared-passive. The sensors
are arrayed in strings which
complement one another. The
sensors function automatically,
transmitting information when
movement, sound, or heat
activates them.

Each sensor has detection
and classification techniques
suited to the physical

disturbance (such as magnetic,
seismic-acoustic, infrared-
passive). Each sensor has a
self-disabling and anti-
tampering feature built into
it.

Experience during Operation
Desert Shield indicates an
increased radius of detection
for sensors emplaced in sand or
sandy soil with a silica base,
while sensors emplaced in loose
rocky soil degrades sensor
detection radius. Therefore,
it is very important to check
the detection radius of each
sensor in the type soil of its
intended employment and
annotate the results on the
Sensor Operator Data Record,
if the situation permits.

Magnetic sensor . The magnetic
sensor uses a passive magnetic
technique to detect targets
and determine the direction
of movement (left to right
and right to left). This
sensor detects moving objects
that are at least partially
made of ferrous materials.
The magnetic sensor will not
classify targets. The magnetic
sensor is most effectively
used as a count indicator
for vehicles.

Detection ranges of the
magnetic sensor are—

o Armed personnel, 3
meters.

o Wheeled vehicles, 15
meters.

3-10

FM 34-2-1

o Tracked vehicles, 25
meters.

Due to these detection
ranges, REMBASS teams must
use these sensors within
proximity of the expected
routes of travel. The weight
of this sensor and battery is 3
kilograms.

Seismic-acoustic sensor. The
seismic-acoustic sensor detects
and classifies personnel and
wheeled or tracked vehicles by
analyzing target signature.
It transmits a target
classification report to the
monitor. The weight of the
sensor and its battery is 3
kilograms.

Detection ranges for the
seismic-acoustic sensor are--

o Personnel, 50 meters.

o Wheeled vehicles, 250
meters.

o Tracked vehicles, 350
meters.

Infrared-passve sensor. This
sensor detects and responds to
a temperature change of 1.5
degrees Celsius within its
field of view. It can
determine the direction of
motion relative to the sensor
position. The infrared-passive
sensor is most effectively used
as a count indicator for
personnel. The weight of the
sensor and battery is 3
kilograms.

Detection ranges of the
infrared-passive sensor are--

o Personnel, 3 to 20
meters.

o Vehicles, 3 to 50 meters.

Radio repeater . The radio
repeater relays data
transmissions between the
sensors and the monitoring
sites. The radio repeater
intercepts the encoded radio
message from either a REMBASS
sensor or another like
repeater.

Ranges of the repeater
are--

o 15 kilometers
ground-to-ground.

o 100 kilometers
ground-to-air.

The repeater, like the
sensors, has a self-disabling
and antitampering feature built
into it. The weight of the
repeater and three batteries
is 15 kilograms.

Additional equipment.
Additional equipment for the
sensor includes--

o A code programmer for
programming a sensor or
repeater to a desired operating
channel.

o The antenna group for
the REMBASS sensor monitoring
set receives transmissions from
extended ranges.

3-11

FM 34-2-1

o Sensor monitoring sets
for monitoring REMBASS
radio-linked sensor and
repeater transmissions.

o A portable radio
frequency monitor to monitor
sensors and repeaters. It
is used primarily during
emplacement of sensors to
test operational status and
radio LOS. It can also be
used as a backup if the sensor
monitoring set becomes
inoperative.

Figure 3-3| shows site
symbols . Adjacent brigades
or battalions can monitor the
same sensors if they exchange
radio frequency information.
This lateral monitoring
increases the surveillance
of units and promotes the
exchange of intelligence.
For additional information
on REMBASS characteristics and
employment techniques, refer
to FM 34-10-1.

FIELD ARTILLERY

To properly integrate field
artillery assets into the R&S
and CR plans, you must
understand the capabilities and
limitations of this equipment.

A field artillery battalion
is both a producer and a
consumer of combat information.
Field artillery battalions in
DS of brigades provide each
maneuver battalion headquarters
a fire support element (FSE).
This element is headed by an
FSO. The FSE helps plan,
direct, and coordinate fire

support operations. The FSE
also provides a fire support
team (FIST) to each maneuver
company.

Forward observers (FOs)
from each FIST are deployed
to platoons (except in armor
battalions) and may accompany
reconnaissance patrols or help
operate OPs. FOs observe the
battlefield to detect,
identify, locate, and
laser-designate targets for
suppression, neutralization,
or destruction. They report
both targeting data and combat
information to the maneuver
battalion FSO and S2.

The FISTs and FOs are
specially equipped for their
mission. The laser range
finder provides an accurate
distance measurement to a
target. Using the ground or
vehicular laser locator
designator, the FO can
determine distance, direction,
and vertical angle. The FO
can also laser-designate
targets for Army, Navy, and
Air Force laser-guided
munitions.

The capability of the FIST
to provide real-time combat
information cannot be
overemphasized. The FIST
vehicle (FISTV) is capable of
accurate target location
through the combination of a
manual calculation laser range
finder and a self-location
capability. It has a digital
and voice interface with the
fire support system and a
thermal sight.

3-12

FM 34-2-1

SENSOR SYMBOL

REQUIRED INFORMATION

INFORMATION LEGEND

A = Type of sensor (such
as Mag, SA, IR)

B = ID code(s) and
channel of sensor

C = Team and unit
emplacing sensor

D s= SMS pen number

MONITOR SYMBOL

REQUIRED INFORMATION

INFORMATION LEGEND

A = Receiver channel
(designate A or B
when using the SMS)

B « Team and unit

REPEATER SYMBOL

REQUIRED INFORMATION

INFORMATION LEGEND

C = Receiver and transmitting
channel

D = Team and unit emplacing
the repeater

NOTE: The bottom of the
diamond points to the sensor
location.

Figure 3-3. Site symbols.

3-13

FM 34-2-1

The FISTV can locate
targets out to 10 kilometers
ana designate targets out to 5
kilometers. However, its
electro-optics capability
cannot provide acquisition
beyond direct fire range (5
kilometers).

Maneuver company and troop
FISTS and combat observation
and laser teams use the FISTV.
The FISTV has only LOS
target-acquisition capability.
When on the move, it cannot
designate targets. The thermal
sight's range limitation is
within 3 kilometers of its
field of vision. Being mounted
on an M113 chassis, it lacks
the mobility and armor
protection of the maneuver
forces it supports.

ENGINEER PLATOON

The maneuver battalion
receives engineer support from
the engineer company normally

& laced in DS of the brigade,
sually an engineer platoon
supports a battalion. The
mission of this engineer
platoon is to provide mobility,
counter mobility, survivability,
and general engineering
support.

As the S2, you should learn
to tap into this valuable
resource for detailed
information on natural and
constructed terrain features.
The S3 and the engineer support
officer need to coordinate with
each other to integrate
engineer assets into the R&S
and CR plans. The engineer

support officer can provide key
information about tne terrain
without your having to send out
a reconnaissance patrol. In
some cases it would prove
valuable to have engineers go
along with reconnaissance
patrols. Engineers can provide
expert terrain and obstacle
analysis.

AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY

PLATOON

Short-range air defense
elements normally support the
maneuver battalion. These may
include Stinger teams or
sections and Vulcan squads.
The air defense artillery (ADA)
platoon or section leader
functions as the battalion air
defense officer. The ADA
leader works closely with the
battalion S2, S3-air, FSO, and
air liaison officer (ALO) to
plan and coordinate air defense
support.

Specifically, the ADA
leader would coordinate with
you to pinpoint areas of enemy
air and ground activity. The
battalion air defense officer
can tap into resources that
look through the battlefield to
determine areas of enemy air
activity, thus revealing enemy
ground activity.

The forward area alerting
radar (FAAR) and target data
display set provide air alert
warning information to Vulcan
squads and Stinger teams. This
warning includes tentative
identification, approximate
range, and azimuth of

3-14

FM 34-2-1

approaching low-altitude
aircraft out to 20 kilometers.

ARMY AVIATION

Aviation units support
maneuver brigade and oattalion
commanders. They provide a
responsive, mobile, and
extremely flexible means to
find, fix, disrupt, and destroy
enemy forces and their
supporting command, control,
and communications (C^)
facilities. Some aviation
assets are capable of
performing limited
reconnaissance missions;
however, most will collect
information only as part of
normal aviation missions.

You can find out from the
army aviation support officer
information concerning enemy
activity in areas where
aviation assets fly missions.
Helicopters can resupply,
insert, or extract Ors/LPs
or patrols. Combat aviation
companies provide airlift
support for troops and evacuate
equipment, casualties, and
enemy prisoners of war (EPWs).

The OH-58D is found in the
attack helicopter battalion
supporting maneuver brigades
and battalions. The crew of
the OH-58D consists of a pilot
and an artillery fire support
coordinator and observer. This
aircraft performs two
functions. First, when in
support of maneuver battalions
with FSEs, it is primarily a
target acquisition and target
attack system. Second, when in

support of units where no FSE
exists, the OH-58D crew
performs a fire support
planning and coordination
function.

The OH-58D has many of the
same capabilities as the FISTV.
It has a thermal sight; a laser
range finder and designator; a
self-location capability; and a
digital and voice inter ace
with the fire support C^
system. It can locate and
designate targets out to 10
kilometers. Under less than
ideal weather conditions it can
only detect and recognize
targets to within direct fire
ranges.

This system provides—

o Digital interface with
fire support C systems.

o Digital interface with
Army aviation aircraft equipped
with the airborne target
handover system (such as the
AH-64 Apache).

o Interface with Air Force
assets so equipped.

These characteristics make
the OH-58D a primary member of
Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT)
operations.

TACTICAL AIR FORCE

JAAT is a combination of
Army attack and scout
helicopters and Air Force close
air support (CAS). It normally
operates in support of maneuver
brigade or battalions. All

3-15

FM 34-2-1

staff officers participate in
planning missions for Air Force
support, especially the S2, S3,
S3-air, FSO, and ALO.
Coordinate through the ALO to
receive real-time information
from these Air Force assets.

The ALO also provides the
means to forward immediate
tactical air reconnaissance
requests up the chain. Air
reconnaissance reports,
in-flight combat information
reports, and air situation
reports are all available
through the ALO. The ALO
weighs this information against
information from the CR and the
R&S plans. In this way the ALO
can confirm or deny the
accuracy of those plans.

ASSETS AND PERSONNEL

NORMALLY SUPPORTING

THE MANEUVER BRIGADE

At brigade level, the
commander is fighting the
close-in battle. You, as the
brigade S2, must support the
commander. To do this you must
focus your collection effort at
the lst-echelon regiments and
the 2d-echelon regiments
capable of influencing your
commanders battle (out to 30
kilometers) . The brigade has
limited assets available to
conduct the collection effort.
Here are some assets and
personnel you can use to
enhance your R&S and CR
operations.

IEWSE

The IEWSE officer provides
expertise on the capabilities,

limitations, and employment of
the intelligence and electronic
warfare (IEW) equipment
supporting the brigade. The
IEWSE-

o Coordinates IEW support
of the maneuver brigade.

o Is the link to the MI
battalion for support.

o Communicates with the MI
bn to receive targeting and
tasking information.

EPW INTERROGATORS

Interrogators screen and
interrogate EPW, detainees,
and refugees. Their mission
is to collect and report all
information possible to satisfy
the commander's PIR and IR.
FM 34-80 contains the types
of information interrogators
can obtain and provide.

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

The counterintelligence
(CI) support team can evaluate
the vulnerability of friendly
R&S assets to detection by
threat R&S and target
acquisition assets. CI members
of support teams can identify
and counter the specific enemy
target acquisition means which
pose a significant threat to
brigade operations. These
include--

o Human intelligence
(HUMINT).

o Imagery intelligence
(IMINT).

3-16

FM 34-2-1

o SIGINT.

Based on enemy R&S
activities, you could determine
which operations security
(OPSEC) and deception
operations would work against
the enemy, after coordination
with CI personnel. FM 34-80
has detailed information on CI
support.

GSRANDREMBASS

GSR and REMBASS can be
kept under brigade control.

See t hp above paragraph

titled "Assets and Personnel

Normally Supporting TKe

Maneuver Battalion"! for
specific information.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE
COLLECTION SYSTEMS

These assets operate near
or within the brigade AO. They
provide intelligence from
intercepted enemy emitters.
Ground-based systems include
the following:

o AN/TSQ-138 (TRAILBLAZER)
is a ground-based HF and VHF
communications intercept and
VHF DF system. It is found in
heavy divisions only.

o AN/MSQ-103C, Heavy
Divisions, AN/MSQ-103B,
Airborne and Air Assault
Divisions, (TEAMPACK) is a
ground-based noncommunications
intercept and line-of-bearing
(LOB) system. It is found in
all divisions except light.

o AN/TLQ-17A (TRAFFIC JAM)
is a ground-based HF and VHF
communications intercept and
jamming system. It is found
in all divisions except light.

o AN/TRQ-32 (TEAMMATE) is
a ground-based HF, VHF, and UHF
communications intercept and
LOB system. It is found in all
divisions.

o The AN/PRD-10M1/12 is
a ground-based radio DF system
capable of being carried by one
person. It is round in air
assault, airborne, and light
divisions, and some heavy
divisions.

o AN/ARQ-33A or AN/ALQ-151
(QUICKFIX) is an airborne
communications intercept,
jamming, and DF system. It
is found in all divisions.

There are also numerous
communications jamming
resources that will be
available to the commander
in or near your brigade AO.
FM 34-80 has detailed
information about electronic
warfare (EW) equipment.

DIVISION INTELLIGENCE
OFFICER

The G2 can provide many
kinds of detailed intelligence.
The G2 has various assets
available to collect
information and can pass this
down to you as intelligence.
FM 34-10 has specific
information concerning these
assets.

3-17

FM 34-2-1

FIELD ARTILLERY

Like the maneuver
battalion, the maneuver brigade
has an FSO to coordinate fire
support. The FSO can
communicate with numerous
weapon-locating radars.

Fire Finder Radar

The target acquisition
battery of division artillery
(DIVARTY) has three AN/TPQ-36
mortar-locating radars and two
AN/TPQ-37 artillery-locating
radars.

The AN/TPQ-36 detects
mortars and artillery out to
12 kilometers and detects
rockets out to 24 kilometers.

The AN/TPQ-37 detects
artillery and mortars out to
30 kilometers and rockets out
to 50 kilometers.

Moving Target Locating
Radars

The DIVARTY target
acquisition battery nas either
one AN/TPS-25A or one
AN/TPS-58B moving-target-
locating radar. Tnese
battlefield surveillance
radars are similar to the
GSR. They can detect,
locate, and distinguish
wheeled and tracked vehicles
and dismounted personnel.

The AN/TPS-25A detects
moving vehicles out to 18
kilometers and personnel out
to 12 kilometers.

The AN/TPS-58B detects
moving vehicles out to 20
kilometers and personnel out
to 10 kilometers.

Field Artillery Battalion
Observation Posts

Survey parties and other
trained personnel of the field
artillery battalion operate the
battalion OPs. These personnel
survey designated target areas,
and record high-burst and mean

¥oint-of-impact registrations,
hey send targeting data and
combat information to the fire
direction center or the FSO at
the maneuver battalion or
brigade.

Aerial Fire Support
Officer

The DIVARTY support platoon
of the heavy division's combat
aviation brigade provides
rotary wing aircraft for
DIVARTY air observers. Their
mission is to call for or
adjust fires from the fire
support assets. Aerial fire
support officers--

o Cover areas masked from
ground observers.

o Cover thinly resourced
areas.

o Provide coverage while
ground-based R&S ana target
acquisition assets displace.

o Reinforce surveillance of
vulnerable areas.

3-18

FM 34-2-1

o Report targeting data and
combat information to the FSO
at the maneuver battalion or
brigade, DIVARTY TOC, or the
fire direction center.

ENGINEER AND AIR
DEFENSE ARTILLERY

Engineer and ADA support
officers are located at the
maneuver brigade. Types of
information these personnel can
provide is discussed in the
above paragraph titled

and Personnel Normally
Supporting The Maneuver
Battalion." I

'Assets

AIR AND ARMORED
CAVALRY SQUADRON

This squadron supports the
division by conducting
reconnaissance and security
missions. There are four types
of air and armored cavalry
squadrons:

o The air and armored
cavalry squadron of the heavy
division consists of two ground
cavalry troops (M3 equipped);
and two air cavalry troops
(OH-58s and attack
helicopters).

o The air cavalry squadron
of the air assault division
consists of three air cavalry
troops; and one air assault
troop.

o The air cavalry squadron
of the airborne division
consists of three air cavalry
troops; one ground cavalry
troop (tube-launched, optically

tracked, wire guided [TOW]
missile systems and scout
HMMWVs); and one air assault
troop.

o The air cavalry squadron
of the light division consists
of two air cavalry troops; and
one ground cavalry troop (TOW
and scout HMMWVs) .

Headquarters and
headquarters troops and
maintenance troops are not
included in the above list.

ARMY AVIATION

Attack Helicopter
Battalions

These battalions are
primarily trained to "kill"
enemy tanks. They can also—

o Provide aerial escort and
suppressive fires to support
air assault operations.

o Destroy enemy C 3 and
logistic assets.

o Conduct JAAT operations.

If these assets support
your brigade, they can provide
detailed information about
enemy activity. The key to
obtaining this information is
to coordinate with the S3-air
and the Army aviation support
officer. Refer to the above
aragraoh titled r Assets and

ersonnel Normally Supporting
The Maneuver Battalion] for

Figure

additional information.

3-4l shows an asset deployment

matrix. This matrix may be

3-19

FM 34-2-1

Personnel Normally Supporting
The Maneuver Battalion I for

additional information. Figure
3-4 shows an asset deployment
matrix. This matrix may be
used by brigade and battalion

S2s to keep track of deployed
assets.

MILITARY POLICE PLATOON

The military police (MP)
platoon supports the maneuver
brigade during some missions.
If you have an MP platoon
supporting your unit, you
should coordinate with the MP
platoon leader for
information. The MP platoon
can usually coordinate with
other MPs who are normally
scattered all over the AO.

ASSET
(each system)

DESIGNATION
(call sign)

LOCATION
(keep current)

TARGET

(coordinate

description, NAI)

PERSONNEL OR

EQUIPMENT

REMARKS

(report channels)

Figure 3-4. Asset deployment matrix.

3-20

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 4

PLANNING EFFECTIVE RECONNAISSANCE
AND SURVEILLANCE

This chapter presents the
planning steps for effective
K&S operations. The S2 is
responsible for making
recommendations in R&S
operations. At brigade or
battalion, you are the driving
force in the R&S effort.
(Refer to [Chapter l| for the
collection management
process.) These steps apply to
both brigade and battalion
levels.

The first step begins with
receiving the unit's mission.
You must understand the
commander's intent in this
particular mission. You have
already completed most of the
IPB process; but now you must
produce some of the specific
information pertaining to the
mission.

Once you understand the
mission, begin to analyze the
requirements placed on you as
the S2. The commander should
tell you the key pieces of
information needed before and
during the mission. This key
information, called PIR, is
either stated by the commander
or recommended by you for the
commander's approval.

The PIR and IR provide the
initial focus of the K&S

effort. The R&S plan should
answer the PIR and IR. At this
point you should have a rough
draft K&S plan, such as when
and what areas to begin R&S
operations. (This is part of
the mission analysis phase of
the planning process steps.)

You can now begin adding
some detail to the K&S plan.
Integrate any requirements from
higher headquarters into the
plan. You have to translate
the initial PIR and IR into
indicators on which R&S assets
can collect. JFigure 4-l| shows
examples of tne PIR, indicator,
speciric information
requirements (SIR), and
specific orders and requests
(SOR) process. Additional
examples of indicators are in
FM 34-3, Appendix C. Now
determine the SIR and SOR
needed for the R&S plan. The
SIR and SOR ensure assets are
collecting specific information
that answers the PIR and IR.

The event template is a
product of IPB showing when and
where the enemy could go.
Compare the SIK to the event
template; this comparison
should indicate when and where
to send friendly R&S assets.
Those areas in which you expect
enemy activity are labeled NAI.

4-1

FM 34-2-1

ENEMY OFFENSE

PIR: "Will the enemy launch a regimental- or battalion-size
attack within my sector in the next 12 hours?" - Commander

Indicator: Reconnaissance and destruction of our defensive
obstacles.

NOTE: usually the night preceding an attack, enemy patrols
reconnoiter friendly obstacles to determine a plan for clearing
lanes. The patrol destroys only those obstacles that will not
disclose the direction of the main attack. - Threat Knowledge

SIR: "is the enemy conducting reconnaissance and clearing
obstacles along our FL0T?" - S2

S0R: "Report on status of friendly obstacles and the area
around the obstacles. Report the location of all destroyed
friendly obstacles or the indication of recent enemy activity
around the obstacles (such as tracks, footprints, or crushed
vegetation)." - S2

ENEMY DEFENSE

PIR: "Is the enemy going to defend or will they continue
the attack?" - Commander

Indicator: Formation of AT strong points in-depth along
logical AAs.

NOTE: The enemy forms AT strong points in-depth along logical
AAs for armor. These are made up of motorized rifle, engineers,
and AT gun and missile units strengthened by mines, ditches, and
other obstacles. - Threat Knowledge

SIR: "Are the enemy placing their AT weapons forward as
well as building obstacles?" - S2

S0R: "Reconnoiter NAI 4. Specifically look for and report
enemy AT positions (AT 4 or 5 mounted on BMPs or BRDMs) , BMPs,
and obstacles." - S2

Figure 4-1. Example of the PIR, indicator, SIR, and SOR process.

4-2

FM 34-2-1

Once you have a picture of
the coverage required for the
R&S effort, you should
prioritize the SIR. Those SIR
that, when answered, will
provide the greatest amount of
intelligence in the shortest
amount of time should have a
high priority. (This is part
of the COA development phase of
the planning process steps.)

By now you have set your
SIR priorities, identified
areas to send R&S assets, and
know when to begin the R&S
mission. For the next step,
you must be familiar with the
capabilities and limitations of
all R&S assets at your
particular level. Compare the
SIR with available R&S assets.
Close coordination between you
and the other staff officers
should help ensure the assets
are properly deployed.
Development of the R&S plan
should involve all staff
officers. Your concern is
developing IR and guiding
assets to the proper areas.

STAFF OFFICER
RESPONSIBILITIES

Other staff officers have a
role in this process. The
following is a list of these
officers and their
responsibilities:

o The S3 makes sure the
assets are available and can
conduct the mission and the R&S
plan supports the overall
mission of the unit.

o The CI officer apprises
you of the vulnerability of

your R&S assets to enemy
collection and target
capabilities.

o The FSO coordinates
indirect fires planned to
support R&S assets and
recommends establishing
appropriate restrictive fire
support coordination measures
to provide for troop safety.

o The R&S asset commander
is responsible for planning
targets and indirect fires for
that element.

o The engineer officer
supports the K&S effort by
collecting information on the
terrain and obstacles.

o The IEWSE officer
supports the R&S effort by
guiding the MI battalion assets
to assist in answering the PIR.

o The ADA officer plans air
defense for the R&S assets and
also provides information on
enemy air activity.

o The NBC officer
integrates NBC operations with
R&S missions.

o The aviation officer
provides air movement for R&S
assets and also information on
enemy activity while in flight.

o The ALO provides close
air support for R&S missions as
well as in-flight reports on
enemy movement.

These staff officers are
not cast aside upon completion
of the R&S plan. They should

4-3

FM 34-2-1

be kept updated on the current
R&S situation. These officers
provide recommendations during
R&S operations and ensure their
assets are operating as
instructed.

The DST is a tool used in
the IPB process that brings the
staff officers together to plan
the mission. The DST also
ensures involvement among the
S2, the S3, and the FSO in
planning R&S missions.

PLANNING

Once you know which R&S
assets are available to conduct
R&S operations, you have to
decide how to satisfy the SIR.
To collect the greatest amount
of intelligence with the fewest
assets, you must know how to
plan missions using basic
collection management strategy
such as augmenting, task
organizing, cueing, and
redundancy.

AUGMENTING

| Chapter 8] has an in-depth
discussion of augmenting.

TASK ORGANIZING

To collect the most
information, with the fewest
assets and in the quickest way,
task organize assets. This
increases their overall
effectiveness in gathering
information and surviving on
the battlefield. The following
is an example of task
organizing.

A scout platoon's mission
is to conduct a 10-kilometer-
wide by 10-kilometer-deep zone
reconnaissance before a
movement to contact. The scout
platoon must accomplish this
mission in one hour. You have
determined the platoon needs
augmentation to cover this much
area in the time allowed.
After you coordinate with the
S3, the S3 attaches two
mechanized infantry squads to
the scout platoon. These two
squads are given the mission to
provide security and mark
infiltration routes.

In this example the scout
platoon is able to concentrate
on reconnoitering the terrain
and locating enemy positions;
while the two mechanized squads
provide security for the scout
platoon and mark infiltration
routes. If you had expected
heavy enemy obstacles, the S3
could have attached an engineer
section to mark, breach, or
provide obstacle assessment
while the scouts and infantry
did their mission.

You should consider all the
assets listed in Chapter 3 for
augmentation or task organ iza-
tion roles. See Chapter 8 for
further discussion or task
organization.

CUEING

Another collection strategy
of R&S missions is cueing.
Cueing is using limited assets
to identify or verify enemy
activity or using one asset to

4-4

FM 34-2-1

tip off or alert another
asset. Use the event template
to pinpoint the times and areas
to collect on the enemy.

Instead of the R&S assets
trying to cover large areas for
extended periods or time, the
assets are active only when
cued. The cueing can be the
time you expect the enemy to be
at a specific NAI, or the
reaction to information
reported by another asset. An
example of cueing follows:

You have identified three
NAI needing surveillance, while
using only one asset. For this
example the only asset
available to cover the three
NAI is an OP. Due to the
distance between the NAI, the
OP cannot cover all three NAI
at the same time. You
determine a location central to
all three NAI. From this
location the OP can cover only
one NAI with surveillance.

An aircraft reports enemy
vehicles near one of the
unsurveilled NAI. You inform
the OP of the activity, thus
cueing it; and the asset moves
toward the NAI to verify the
report. You may use an}r .of the

assets listed in [Chapter 3
cues for other assets.

REDUNDANCY

Another collection strategy
for R&S operations is
redundancy. As the S2, your

grimary effort is to provide
&S coverage for as many NAI as
possible. Based on the

priority of the SIR and the
number of NAI, you have to
decide which areas you want
more than one asset to cover.
With more than one asset
covering the same NAI, a backup
system is available in case one
asset breaks down. Redundancy
guarantees continuous area
coverage. An example of
redundancy follows.

You have a GSR covering an
NAI during limited visibility.
Just in case the GSR breaks
down, you have assigned two
OPs/LPs with NODS to cover the
NAI. The OPs also provide NAI
coverage during daylight while
the GSK crew rests. If the GSR
breaks down, the OPs have NODS
to pick up the responsibility
of surveilfine the NAI. The
NODS can also specifically
identify the moving intruders
detected by the GSK.

Remember to include in the
R&S planning efforts
coordination with the CI team
supporting your unit. The
routes used by your scout
platoon and the positions
operated by your assets will
be potential NAI to enemy
collection assets. Whatever
OPSEC and deception measures
you incorporate into the R&S
plan, they should be based
on CI evaluation of the
vulnerability of your R&S
assets to enemy collection
and target acquisition
capabilities. As you expect
to see the enemy at certain
times and places on the
battlefield, so the enemy
will expect to see you.

4-5

FM 34-2-1

Working with the S3, you
are now ready to begin matching
assets with missions. If the
commander and the S3 approve
the R&S plan, then give warning
orders to the assets. The
warning orders allow the assets
enough time to conduct troop-
leading procedures.

Once you issue the warning
orders and. refined R&S plan,
prepare your portion of the

mission briefing. The purpose
of this briefing is to inform
the collection assets of their
missions and to provide them
with as much information as
possible about it (such as IPB
products). Use all available
information to provide as clear
a picture as possible of what
you expect of them on the
battlefield and what they can
expect to encounter.

4-6

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 5

METHODS OF TASKING RECONNAISSANCE
AND SURVEILLANCE ASSETS

The S3 is responsible for
and has tasking authority over
maneuver elements. The S2
makes tasking recommendations
to the commander or S3. The S2
is the primary user of the
scouts and, many times, the S2
actually tasks them. In some
units the S2 has tasking
authority over R&S assets after
the commander and the S3
approve the R&S plan. Every
unit has its own 1SOP regarding
R&S responsibilities.

Normally, you can consider
the commanders approval of the
R&S plan as granting tasking
authority. Many times the S3
does not have time to prepare
and publish separate R&S
missions, so the S2 does it.
Once the S2, after coordinating
closely with the S3, has
completed writing the formal
plan, it is sent to the
commander for approval. Once
the commander signs the
fragmentary order (FRAGO) or
warning order, the taskings
within it become missions
ordered by the commander,
regardless of who actually
wrote it.

Another way to publish the
missions and taskings of the
R&S plan is to print it in the
subordinate unit instructions
within the unit OPORD. While

not as timely as FRAGOs or
warning orders, unit
instructions still let everyone
know what you expect of them
during the R&S operations.

iFigure 5-l| shows a sample
R&S tasking with subordinate
unit instructions. Maneuver
battalions can also use this
method when it is tailored to
their level.

Probably the quickest way
to issue R&S orders is to have
the S3 issue them when issuing
the warning order to the unit.
This method ensures the tasked
assets know it is a formal
tasking coming from the
commander. both the S2 and S3
olan the R&S operation;
however, the S3 continues to
lave the responsibility of
actually tasking assets.

A formal method of tasking
assets for R&S operations is an
intelligence annex to the
OPORD. The intelligence annex
is a formal intelligence
tasking document accompanying
an OPORD or an operations plan
(OPLAN). Paragraph 2, Priority
Intelligence Requirements, and
paragraph 3, Intelligence
Acquisition Tasks, inform all
assets what the focus of the
R&S plan is and what mission
each asset is to conduct. The

5-1

FM 34-2-1

(Classification)
* * * * * * *

OPORD 19 3d Bde - 24th Armd Div. * *
3 . Subordinate Unit Instructions

b. TF 1-6:

(1) Establish contact point 1 and assist passage of
covering force elements through the FEBA.

(2) Defend in sector from NT888777 to NT666555 NLT
181500U JAN94.

(3) Establish surveillance sites along Route TOM and
HARRY to provide early warning of enemy flank attack NLT 181500U
JAN94.

(4) Send CR patrols along the FIBEL river and the
DICKEL ridge line NLT 181600U JAN94 to confirm or deny the
presence of enemy reconnaissance patrols.

c. TF 1-68:

(1) Establish contact point 2 and assist passage of
covering force elements through the FEBA.

(2) Defend in sector from NS666444 to NS333222 NLT
181500U JAN94.

(3) Establish screen along the east side of the NEILSON
AQUADUCT NLT 181500U JAN94. Establish surveillance positions
near the intersection of AUBOBAHN 67 and 4 to provide early
warning of enemy reinforcements.

(4) Send a CR patrol in the forests southeast of
KIBBLESNBITS capable of destroying a reinforced BMP Company NLT
181700U JAN94 to destroy enemy reconnaissance units.

(Classification)

Figure 5-1. Sample R&S tasking with subordinate unit instructions.

5-2

FM 34-2-1

S2 is responsible for the
intelligence annex. Again,
before distribution, the S2
coordinates the intelligence
annex with the commander and S3
for their approval.

Figure 5-2 1 is a sample R&S

tasking. Maneuver battalions
can also use this method, but
would tailor it to their level.

The R&S tasking matrix is
another metho d of tasking R&S

assets. (See Appendix
Distribution can be--

)

o Directly to the tasked
asset.

o Attached to the
subordinate unit instructions
of the OPORD.

o Attached to the
intelligence annex.

Once tasked, the assets
must understand their mission.
During the mission briefing for
the assets, use as many of the
IPB products as possible. Each
product serves a particular
purpose:

o The modified combined
obstacles overlay (MCOO)
reveals terrain constraints.

o Photographs show terrain
features.

o Enemy situation templates
provide a picture of the
enemy's location and probable
COA.

o Event templates indicate
where and when the enemy can

maneuver.

o NAI on the event template
show target locations.

o The DST provides a
picture of the overall friendly
scheme of maneuver and warns
the R&S assets of any friendly
fires in their vicinity.

Once the assets have an
understanding of the enemy and
terrain, they can receive
detailed mission instructions.
It does not matter if you or
the S3 give this briefing, just
as long as the assets
understand their mission. If
possible, the S2, S3, and FSO
should be involved in this
briefing.

Each asset should
understand what the commander
wants it to accomplish. Give
the assets the big picture,
then direct them to their
specific roles and how they are
to support the overall mission.

You can see the extensive
time required to plan R&S
operations. In most units
there is not enough time to go
into a lot of mission-specific
detailed planning before the
assets are deployed. R&S
operations must begin as soon
as possible after the unit
receives the warning order or
OPORD. If this is the case,
assets can be sent out after
you and the S3 have developed
the rough draft R&S plan.
Later, as you and the other
staff officers refine the R&S
plan, you can adjust the assets
and their instructions.

5-3

FM 34-2-1

(Classification)
* * * * * * *

ANNEX B (Intelligence) to OPORD 19...

REFERENCES: Map sheets

TIME ZONE: U

3. Intelligence acquisition tasks.

a. TF 1-6:

(1) Establish surveillance sites along routes TOM and
HARRY to provide early warning of enemy flank attack NLT 181500U
JAN94.

(2) Send CR patrols along the FIBEL river and the
DICKEL ridge line NLT 181600U JAN94 to confirm or deny the
presence of enemy recon elements.

b. TF 1-68:

(1) Establish screen along the east side of the NEILSON
AQUADUCT NLT 181500U JAN94. Establish surveillance positions
near the intersection of AUTOBAHN 67 and 4 to provide early
warning of enemy reinforcements.

(2) Send a CR patrol in the forests southeast of
KIBBLESNBITS capable of destroying a reinforced BMP Company
NLT 181700U JAN94.

(Classification)

Figure 5-2. Sample R&S tasking in the intelligence annex to the OPORD.

5-4

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 6
THE RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE OVERLAY

The R&S overlay is the R&S
plan in graphic form. The
purpose of the R&S overlay is
to show the assets and the key
staff officers exactly where
the R&S assets are operating.
You will extract most of the
overlay's graphics and symbols
from FM 101-5-1. Additionally,
due to the various R&S
operational techniques, you
will need to construct some
"homemade'" graphics and explain
them in the legend.

There are two parts to the
R&S overlay. The first part is
the graphic display of deployed
or planned deployment of R&S
assets. The second part is the
marginal data consisting of the
legend, administrative data,
specific instructions to each
asset, and the distribution
list.

The marginal information
found on the overlay consists
of the standard wording found
on all overlays. The
administrative data is
comprised of the following:

o Classification.

o Overlay title.

o Registration marks.

o Map sheet name.

o Map sheet scale.

o Map sheet number.

o Map sheet series.

o The "prepared by" line.

Another portion of the
administrative data is the
legend. The legend contains
any nonstandard FM 101-5-1
graphics used. It also
contains detailed written
instructions to each R&S
asset. These detailed
instructions should focus on—

o The required operational
times. You should give each
asset both a start and a finish
time for each mission, as
applicable.

o The target. To answer
the PIR, you need to look for
specific indicators. Each
asset should be told exactly
what to look for (such as type
units, equipment, and specific
activity). Never give
broad-based generic missions to
"go out and look for and report
on anything that moves."
Specific guidance will promote
specific answers.

o Coordinating
instructions. All assets will,
at one time or another, move

6-1

FM 34-2-1

through or near another unit's
AO. To keep units from
shooting friendly R&S assets,
assets and units must
coordinate with each other.
It is also important that
R&S assets coordinate among
themselves.

o Reporting requirements.
All assets should know when,
how often, and what format
to use when reporting. You
should provide frequencies,
alternate frequencies, and
reaction during jamming. You
must also provide the NLT
time for specific information
to be reported.

Initially, the locations
for assets are areas in which
you recommend they deploy.
After the assets have gone
to these areas (NAI), they
report to you or the S3 the
actual locations in which
they can conduct their
missions. You or the S3
updates the graphics to
snow actual locations.

Control measures are as
follows:

o Friendly boundaries, R&S
limit of responsibility, NAI,
start points (SP), release
points (RP), and checkpoints.

o Graphics depicting route,
area, and zone reconnaissance.

o Primary, alternate, and
supplementary positions.

o Sectors of scan for
sensors.

All of these control
measures, except R&S limit of
responsibility, are found in
FM 101-5-1. The R&S limit of
responsibility comes down from
higher headquarters along with
other R&S guidance. This limit
is a control measure that
informs subordinate units of
the limits of their R&S
operations. It can be
represented by a dashed line

Remember, it is important
to include detailed
instructions for each R&S asset
on the overlay. This method is
known as the overlay method for
distributing written
instructions. Another method
is known as the matrix method.
The R&S tasking matrix is the
matrix used for this method

(See |Appendix A| .) |Figure 6-1
shows an K&b tasking matrix.

Figure 6-2| is an example of

the R&S plan graphically
portrayed on an overlay with
detailed instructions to each
asset written on the bottom of
the overlay. Attach the R&S
tasking matrix to the bottom
of the R&S overlay. The matrix
provides the following
information:

o The first column shows
the priority of each mission.
This number should correspond
with the PIR number.

6-2

FM 34-2-1

Q.
LU

Q
S

o
o
o

O K X UJ GC
K UJ 3 CO < CO CO

ococc

SOEh<0C(0

C0OO3HC0

CD Z

P o

€0

z
o

€0

s
o

c
o

■«

Figure 6-1. R&S tasking matrix.

6-3

FM 34-2-1

30-

TF1-71

R&S overlay 91-3 (Defense)
Map sheet: AUSGABE
Map sheet No: VII

R&S LIMIT

Map sheet series: M748
Scale: 1:50,000
Prepared by: CPT Polk

INSTRUCTIONS

SCOUTS: Establish forward screen NLT 1600 at coordinate

^ w ~ ~ ■ - • i-«m»^ii*»ii iuiwoiu oviDDii uli iduu at coordinate

Coordinate with B Co for route to screen position and GSR team.

Target enemy recon (BRDM, BMP, tanks).

REMBASS : Establish two strings vicinity

and

nfiltrating along forest trails. Coordinate passage with B Co, Scout platoon, and GSR team,

NLT 1800. Target enemy dismount recon and MR troops

GSR : Establish position A1 vicinity -

NLT 1700. Target enemy recon (BDRM, BMP, tanks, dismounted troops).

Coordinate with A Co for passage, Scout platoon, and REMBASS team. Establish position A2 on order. Coordinate with

B Co for position. Establish position B1 vicinity NLT 1700. Target enemy recon. Coordinate with B Co for passage

Scout platoon, and REMBASS team. Establish position B2 on order. Coordinate with C Co for position.

PATROLS: A Co conduct recon and security patrols in Zone Duck. Begin patrols NLT 1830 and run them sporadically until
0600, Target enemy dismounted troops, BMP, and BRDMs. Coordinate with GSR team and Scout platoon. C Co establish
screen along southern flank NLT 1800. Target enemy recon, BMP, BRDM, tanks. Coordinate with Scout platoon
and GSR team.

OP/LP: Position as per battalion R&S SOP.

REPORTS: Report on battalion intelligence net using SALUTE format. Patrol leaders report on intelligence net after each
patrol. Report combat information on intelligence or operations net. Assets report using schedule in R&S SOP.
React to jamming as per battalion TAC SOP.

DISTRIBUTION: A, B, and C Companies, Scout platoon, GSR team, REMBASS team, S3, FSO, and brigade S2.

Figure 6-2. R&S overlay with instructions on acetate.

6-4

FM 34-2-1

o The next column provides
the asset with the NAI number
and grid coordinate.

o The start/stop column
informs the asset the times
for this mission.

o The SIR column explains
to the assets exactly what
they are looking for (target).

o The next set of columns
lists the actual assets tasked
to conduct each mission. An
"X" placed under each asset
identifies the tasking.

o The coordination column
tells the assets which units
to coordinate with for this
mission.

o The last column provides
the assets with reporting
requirements.

We have discussed two
ways to distribute
instructions; however, the
method is not important.
What is important is for

assets to receive clear,
specific instructions.

Disseminating the R&S
plan to all the assets can
be a problem. When the R&S
plan reaches the dissemination
phase, the assets are usually
scattered ereat distances
over the "battlefield. In
some instances the R&S plan
is disseminated by courier.
To ensure all assets receive
their copy, write each asset's
title directly on the
distribution list, plan,
or overlay. Exchanging
brigade or battalion R&S
plans with adjacent units
ensures proper coordination,
minimizes the risk of
shooting friendly soldiers,
and cuts out unnecessary
redundancy.

Chapter 5| provides
additional methods for
disseminating R&S
requirements. See FM 34-80,
Appendix E, for another sample
R&S overlay.

6-5

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 7

MONITORING THE RECONNAISSANCE
AND SURVEILLANCE EFFORT

During the battle, your
commander will probably have
several PIR that need to be
answered. As the S2, you will
weigh those PIR in some way to
organize your collection
effort. Remember the first
principle of R&S: tell
commanders what they need to
know in time for them to act.

This principle implies
that, as the S2, you must
monitor your collection effort
at all times so you can make
sure you answer your
commander's PIR.

If your commander develops
new PlK during the battle, you
may have to modify your R&S
plan to address the new PIR.
Suppose a PIR becomes obsolete.
For example, let's say your
commander was very concerned
about enemy reconnaissance
locations. This PIR would be
valid as your unit prepared to
cross the LD/LC. However, once
your unit consolidates on its
objective, this particular PIR
would be less important. The
point is, you should constantly
monitor the status of your R&S
effort so you will know when to
update PIR or to modify your
R&S plan.

TRACKING TARGETS
AND ASSETS

There are other reasons you
must monitor your R&S or
collection plan. Remember the

term "high payoff target," or
HPT? These are specific enemy
weapon systems or specific
enemy units that are identified
which must be destroyed,
degraded, or suppressed for
your unit to succeed in its
mission. Many times, locating
an HPT may be one of your
commander's PIR. Other times,
it might be an IR. In either
case, your R&S plan must
account for HPTs. During the
execution of your R&S plan, you
must be able to identify HPTs
and quickly forward their
location to the S3 and FSO for
action. This is especially
critical for CR operations.

Another reason for
monitoring your R&S operation
is to keep track of your asset
status and location. You will
need to know which of your
assets are still mission
capable and which are
inoperative, so you will not
waste time retasKing inoperable
assets. Obviously, if you need
to retask assets from one
location to another, you need
to know where those assets are.

One technique to keep track
of your assets is to have them
report in at predetermined
intervals based on METT-T,
criticality of the area covered
by the asset, or communications
available. You can even show
this graphically by using TPLs
for moving assets.

7-1

FM 34-2-1

For example, let us say you
have given your scouts the
mission of route
reconnaissance. On your event
template, you have developed a
series of TPLs depicting
15-minute increments. As your
scouts cross a TPL, they report
in to you. In this way, you
can easily monitor where your
scouts are on the battlefield.
(Instead of TPLs, you can use
existing friendly control
graphics as well.)

If you lose contact with
your scouts, you at least have
an approximate idea of where
they last were. When you use
TPLs, try to have recognizable
features r epresent them.
Figure 7-1 is an example of
this technique.

EVALUATING HOW YOUR
ASSETS REPORT

You should monitor your
R&S plan to evaluate how well
your assets are reporting
information back to you. If
your assets are not reporting
quickly enough, accurately
enough, or reporting the wrong
information, you will need to
make corrections.

At the brigade and
battalion levels, many times
you will find your assets may
not always provide you with
timely or complete information.
There are many reasons for
this. Most of the time it is
difficult to discern what is

happening on the battlefield.
The company commander or
platoon leader is preoccupied
with fighting and winning the
battle.

Nevertheless, do not accept
incomplete information! If a
spot report lacks the type of
vehicle, number of vehicles, or
direction of movement, get back
on the radio and ask for it.
If your scouts send back a
report that does not make sense
to you, ask for clarification.
If you have not heard from your
ground surveillance radars for
an unusually long time, call
them and ask for a situation
report.

You should enforce negative
situation reports at
predetermined intervals. Too
many times in the past, S2s
thought no news was good news.
They were content to sit in
their vehicles in silence. Be
aggressive ! Remember, you are
trying to answer your
commander's questions. You
cannot, and commanders cannot
do their jobs, unless incoming
information is timely,
accurate, and complete.
Nevertheless, you must be
realistic.

There is much confusion in
battle, and some information
will not be attainable. You
cannot tie up the radio nets
trying to get "perfect"
reports. Some information you
will have to live without.

7-2

FM 34-2-1

Figure 7-1. Time phase line control.

7-3

FM 34-2-1

The reporting criteria you
have specified in your
intelligence annex or on your
R&S overlay will tell your
assets how and when they are to
report. As you monitor your
R&S operation, you should
evaluate two things:

o Are my R&S assets
reporting per my published
reporting criteria?

o Are my published
reporting criteria adequate to
provide the specific
information used to answer my
commanders PIR?

NOTE : Sometimes reports using
only size, activity, location,
and time (SALT) will be more
feasible and timely than the
full size, activity, location,
unit, time, equipment (SALUTE)
report.

If your assets are not
reporting per your criteria,
it is simple to correct the
asset; your S3 can help with
this. However, you should
continually assess whether or
not your reporting criteria
are sufficient to give you
answers to your commander's
questions.

If your assets are
reporting per your criteria
and you are not getting the
detailed information you need,
you should consider modifying
your reporting criteria.

For example, let us suppose
you wanted A Company to report
enemy motorized rifle units by
number and type of vehicles

and their location. Later,
however, you discover that
in order to answer your
commander's PIR, you must
calculate the enemy rate of
advance. You should modify
A Company's reporting criteria
to include speed and direction
of movement.

Remember a good R&S
collection plan tells the
commander what he or she needs
to know in time for the
commander to act. Therefore,
assets must report information
to you quickly so you can
process and relay it to the
commander, S3, or FSO. It
does no good to report an enemy
counterattack 30 minutes after
the fact. As the S2, you need
to enforce timely reporting of
information.

Here again, the commander
and/or the S3 can help.
Remember, be aggressive! The
S2 must also inform the
commander when information on
the PIR cannot be collected or
if the R&S assets have been
destroyed.

MANAGING PRIORITY
INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS

Now that you have evaluated
reporting, assume that you have
been able to answer your
commander's first PIK. The
next logical step is for you
to focus your R&S effort on
answering the commander's
second highest PIR, then the
third, fourth, and so on.
Realistically, your R&S plan
will probably address more
than one PIR simultaneously.

7-4

FM 34-2-1

The point for you to remember
is that R&S does not stop.
Once you have satisfied a
requirement, shift your
attention to the next
highest priority.

Many times you may have
answered a PIR out of
sequence. For example, you
may be able to answer PIK 2
and 3 although you still
have not been able to collect
enough information to answer
PIR 1. Or you may find the
battlefield situation has
changed so drastically your
PIR 1 is no longer a valid
concern.

These cases prove you must
continually reevaluate the
priority of your commander 5
PIR. If you have answered PIR
2 and 3, does PIR 4 become your
second priority? If PIR 1 is
no longer a valid concern, does
PIR 2 become your top priority?
You must support your
commander. Knowing and
understanding your commander's
intent will nelp you reevaluate
priorities and anticipate
possible changes, as will a
solid relationship with your
commander and S3.

One useful technique that
will aid you in managing PIR
priorities is to "time phase"
your commander's PIR based on
now you anticipate events on
the battlefield. Essentially,
you tie each PIR to a phase in
the battle through use of the
DST.

Normally, each PIR has a
time relative to a point in the
battle when answering it will

be important, and another time
when the PIR will no longer be
a valid concern. For example,
let us suppose your unit's
mission is to attack.
Initially, the most important
thing your commander might need
to know is the location of
enemy reconnaissance and
security zone units.

However, after a certain
point in the attack (after you
nave penetrated the security
zone) , this question becomes
meaningless. Now, the most
important thing might be to
locate the enemy's main
defensive area. Once you have
consolidated on the objective,
the most important thing might
be locating any possible enemy
counterattack. Therefore,
before the attack, your
commander's PIR might look
like this:

o PIR 1: What are the
locations of the 34th motorized
rifle regiment (MRR)
reconnaissance and platoon
strong points in the security
zone?

o PIR 2: What are the
locations of the 34th MRR's
MRC and AT positions within
the main defensive area?

o PIR 3: What is the
location of the 4th Tank
Battalion (TB) (-) of the
34th MRR?

Once you have reached your
intermediate objective, you
might change your commander's
PIK priorities to look like
this:

7-5

FM 34-2-1

° PIR 1: What are the
locations of the 34th MRR's
MRC and AT positions within
the main defensive area?

o PIR 2: What is the
location of the 4th TB (-)
of the 34th MRR?

o PIR 3: What are the
locations of the 34th MRR's
reconnaissance and platoon
strong points in the security
zone?

In fact, you might delete
PIR 3 altogether. Later, as
you consolidate on your
subsequent objective, you may
reprioritize like this:

o PIR 1: What is the
location of the 4th TB (-)
of the 34th MRR?

o PIR 2: What are the
locations of the 34th MRR's
MRC and AT positions within
the main defensive area?

Since PIR relate to events
on the battlefield, you can
anticipate them by war gaming;
and enter these changes onto
the intelligence BOS of your
unit's DST! iFigure 7-2\ shows
the process of time phasing
PIR.

MODIFYING THE RECONNAISSANCE
AND SURVEILLANCE PLAN

Whether modifying reporting
requirements because of new
reporting criteria or because
of new or modified PIR, you
must be ready to change your
R&S plan to fit the commanders
needs. Basically, you will
have to decide—

Where you want your
R&S assets to shift their
attention.

o Where you want those
assets to actually move.

o What you want your assets
to look for.

o How you want your assets
to report.

Here is where doing your
homework (IPB) ahead of time
comes in handy. If most or
all of your IPb products were
prepared ahead of time, all
you need do is review and
update those products as
necessary.

Looking at your updated
situation templates and event
templates will give you a good
idea of where to shift your R&S
focus , and what you should
expect to see. Your updated
terrain and weather products
will tell you where to place
your assets.

However, if you have not
been able to update or produce
situation and event templates,
or you have advanced past your
AI, you still need to mentally
envision what you think the
enemy will Iook like on the
terrain, applying the effects
of weather. Your mental
picture will help you quickly
come up with NAJ and TPLs.

The next step is to retask
your R&S assets. Remember,
when you shift your R&S assets,
their vulnerability to enemy
collection and target

7-6

FM 34-2-1

Figure 7-2. Time phasing PIR.

7-7

FM 34-2-1

acquisition capabilities may
change.

TASKING ASSETS

IChapter 5 described many
ways ot tasking assets,
including using a matrix
format. A matrix is easy to
use and can be quickly

modified. Figure 7-3

is an

example of a modified matrix.

Each column has a letter
designator. For example, the
Priority column is "A," the NAI
column is "B," and so on. The
lettering makes it easy to
quickly assign a new R&S
mission, or modify an existing
mission. All you need do is
transmit pertinent information
within each column. For
example:

o Column B - 4.

o Column C - 1800 to 2000.

o Column D - BRDM, BMP,
platoon-size (three vehicles)
with possible tanks.

o Column L - Action.

o Column N
with ECHO.

Coordinate

o Column O - Report by type
(light and heavy wheeled and
tracked), number of vehicles,
location, speed, and direction
of movement.

You have told the attached
GSR team to monitor NAI 4 from
1800 to 2000. They should
expect to see BRDM or BMP

vehicles (possibly reinforced
with tanks) up to platoon size
(three vehicles). You have
also told the GSR team they
must coordinate with A Company,
and should report targets by
type (light or heavy wheeled
and light or heavy tracked) and
number of vehicles, location,
speed, and direction of
movement.

Figure 7-4| shows a similar
R&S tasking matrix with its
horizontal lines numbered and
its vertical columns identified
by letters. Use this system if
you wish to modify only one
specific asset tasking on the
matrix. For example:

o Line 3C

o Line 3D - AB434160.

o Line 3E - Refer to 7E.

In this example, you have
just told Task Force 1-10 to
establish an OP at an NAI.
The OP is to observe an
alternate position for an
MRC at NAI 8. You updated
the mission of one asset

without reconstructing the
entire matrix.

These are just two examples
of a technique you can use to
quickly retask your deployed
K&S assets. There are many
more. The key is to establish
a standard to quickly and
easily modify your R&S plan
based on your commanders
changing needs.

7-8

FM 34-2-1

LU
CC

a.
O

C
-Q

i_
CD
CL

§6

IS
2°

6 o

Re
£2

' Q) C

■o 2 •*=

S £ ®

o a> E

CO .C Q)

CM X ±*

o O CO

■o

a.
O

u.
CD
0.

■o

03
0.

C
.Q

03
O

CL 2

■o

03
CL
O
CO

C
.Q

CL 3

CL
O
CO

z
o

a
cc
o
o
a

JB -a

O w —

° ai w

CO CD

J§8

CD 2 Q) O
m o c

03 U- o CQ

c
o
o .

8 .

o CO
w(5

oCO

OC UJ 2 CD < CO CO

O CO oc

5 O CC H < CC CO

CO O O D H CO

UJ O

«a

■ 3

z
o

coo

Si ° c c

.a g-o E

o c q. o
IOW E

0) <j)
^^

_ c

_ © 03

« 03 2

CO
©2-2

03 CO O

co lu a

> £
EH

CO sz
03 W

= .c-o= 2
I .£ co > c5

(JO)' „

£>o 8 5

•- « n E

o«o.E

o o o

i- CM CO

CM CO

AlldOIdd

Figure 7-3. Example of a modified matrix.

7-9

FM 34-2-1

UNIT TASKING

PRIORITY

NAI

LOCATION

REPORTING REQUIREMENT
EVENT OR INDICATOR

REMARKS

TASK FORCE
1-10

See R&S
overlay

Conditions that affect trafficability
and maneuverability.
Obstacles: Type, size, and
orientation.

Report as
obtained.

Recon axis
speed.

Recon.

AB474155
AB466136

2 to 3 x BMP2's, 1 x T45B;
possible obstacle (single strand
wire concertina).

Possible combat
security outpost.
Report NLT
010100ZSEPXX.

Establish OP.

AB427185

Surveillance of activities on OBJ
CAT

Establish position
NLT 312200Z.
AUGXX.

Recon.

AB453165
AB430145
AB453138

3 x MRP's with 7 to 8 x BMP2's,
2 to 3 x T64B's in prepared
positions. Main obstacle array
is from 800 to 1,000 m forward
of MRC position.

Report all fighting
positions.
Report obstacle
type, size, and
orientation NLT
101200Z SEPXX.

Recon.

AB434160

2 to 3 x AT5(BRDM) systems or
2 to 3 x T64Bs.

Possible MRB
reserve. Report
as obtained.

Recon.

AB410158

3 x MRP's with 7 to 8 x BMP2's
in prepared fighting positions.

Obstacle array 800 to 1,000 m
forward of MRC positions.

Report all fighting
positions.

Report obstacle
type, size, and
orientation NLT
01 1200Z SEPXX.

AB450103

Alternate position for MRC at
NAI 8.

Figure 7-4. Modifying an R&S matrix.

7-10

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 8

AUGMENTING OR TASK ORGANIZING
RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE MISSIONS

Data gathered from
different training exercises
and the training centers
indicate maneuver battalions
typically overuse the scouts.
Very often the scout platoon is
the only R&S asset actively
collecting on the battlefield.
This usually results in a dead
scout platoon, and many
unanswered PIR. To increase
the effectiveness of the scout
platoon, other R&S assets, and
the overall collection
capability, you should augment
or task organize as many K&S
missions as possible.

Augmenting and task
organizing are two different
concepts that strive for the
same end result. In this field
manual, the term "augmenting"
is used to describe using
numerous assets at the same
time to support the R&S plan.
You task with independent or
dual R&S missions to augment
the R&S effort; units are not
augmented.

There are circumstances in
which you do not want to place
R&S assets under C 2 of some
of your subordinate units; you
or the S3 want to maintain
control of these assets to task
or move them quickly without
disrupting the other units.

There may be times when
you or the S3 want R&S assets

under the C 2 of subordinate
units. Both of these
concepts --augmenting and task
organizing— can be used to
implement productive R&S plans.
The following examples provide
augmented or task organized R&S
missions and what each
accomplishes.

TASK ORGANIZED WITH ENGINEERS
AND ARTILLERY FORWARD
OBSERVERS ATTACHED TO

RECONNAISSANCE PATROL

In this example you want to
deny or confirm enemy activity
at NAI 1 and to check on
obstacles and booby traps along
the road. You also want to see
if the enemy has begun to
prepare a possible fording site
at NAI 2. Based on key
intelligence you have provided,
the S3 decides to send a
mounted patrol for this
mission. To increase mission
effectiveness, the S3 also
attaches some e ngineers and

artillery FOs. IFigure 8-1

is a

sample R&S task organization
with engineers and artillery
FOs attached to reconnaissance
patrol.

The engineers will be able
to inform you of tampered-with
obstacles and adjusted roadside
booby traps. The FOs will be
able to call for indirect fire
if the patrol finds any
prepared fording or bridging

8-1

FM 34-2-1

Figure 8-1. Sample R&S task organization with engineers and
artillery FOs attached to reconnaissance patrol.

sites along the river. In this
example you have three
elements, each complementing
the overall effectiveness of
the reconnaissance mission.
The reconnaissance element must
receive instructions to clear,
mark, breach, and/or bypass
instructions before mission
execution.

TASK ORGANIZED WITH SIGNAL

ASSETS, OBSERVATION POST,

AND FORWARD OBSERVERS

ATTACHED TO EXTENDED

RECONNAISSANCE PATROL

Figure 8-2| is a sample task

organization with signal
assets, OPs, and FOs attached

to extended reconnaissance
patrol. In this example you
nave a reconnaissance patrol
conducting a zone
reconnaissance in Zone Buck.
Due to the extended range of
the patrol and the terrain,
radio communications will not
reach from Zone Buck to the
TOC. You also have two NAI, 4
and 7, needing surveillance
during a particular time
window. NAI 4 is a high speed
avenue of approach exiting the
battalion to the north. AI and
NAI 7 is a road intersection.
To augment this patrol you have
a signal retransmission
element, OP, and artillery FOs
attached to the patrol.

8-2

FM 34-2-1

Figure 8-2. Sample R&S task organization with signal assets,
and FOs attached to extended reconnaissance patrol.

The retransmission element
enables the reconnaissance
patrol to report what is in
Zone Buck; the OP and FO enable
you to have surveillance of the
NAI; and the FO allows you to
interdict any targets moving
along the NAI or the roads.

SCOUTS WITH INFANTRY

In this example your
battalion is preparing to
conduct a raid on Objective
Bear. The terrain along the
river consists of thick
forests. You only have two
hours to reconnoiter from the
LD to the objective and to mark
infiltration routes. You and
the S3 decide to task organize
this mission with the scout
platoon and two infantry

platoons. |FJgure 8-3| is a
sample of R&S task organiza-
tion with scout and infantry
platoons.

The scout platoon leader
is the reconnaissance commander
for this particular mission.
The battalion has cross-trained

one of the infantry platoons as
the backup scout platoon. The
scout platoon and the backup
platoon mark crossing sites and
infiltration routes while the
other infantry platoon provides
security. Once the scout
platoon has marked the routes,
they dismount and reconnoiter
Objective Bear while the two
infantry platoons provide
security.

8-3

FM 34-2-1

Figure 8-3. Sample of R&S task organization with scout and infantry platoons.

D COMPANY, SCOUT PLATOON,

AND GROUND SURVEILLANCE

RADAR EFFORT AUGMENTED

Figure 8-4

is a sample
of an augmented R&S platoon
mission. In this example your
battalion is in the defense and
has tasked Company D to conduct
a route reconnaissance and
provide surveillance of NAI 3
tor four hours. The scout

platoon is conducting a screen
in the north. Two GSRs are
providing surveillance of the
tlanks. Each asset is
conducting an independent R&S
effort. This particular
mission concept allows you or
the S3 to move or assign
additional missions to these
assets with minimal disruption
to the entire battalion.

8-4

FM 34-2-1

TF 2-1

NOTE: On some missions you may
substitute OPs with GSRs.

Figure 8-4. Sample augmented with D Company,
Scout Platoon, and GSRs.

8-5

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 9

RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE
INOFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Planning R&S missions in
offensive operations requires
close coordination between the
S2, S3, FSO, and ALO. The
chance of fratricide multiplies
during these operations. The
reason is R&S assets are
usually conducting missions as
the friendly units maneuver
through these areas and engage
possible enemy targets with
direct or indirect fires.

Detailed reconnaissance
is the initial requirement
for offensive operations.
Due to the limited time
available to conduct detailed
reconnaissance, it is
imperative you use, with
augmentation, all available
reconnaissance assets.
Recent training exercises
reveal that many times S2s
do not construct complete
R&S plans for offensive
operations. To make sure
you construct complete R&S
plans, consider three general
areas when planning for
offensive operations:

o Detailed reconnaissance.

o Surveillance of the
objective.

o Ongoing R&S planning.

DETAILED RECONNAISSANCE

The first area of planning
consideration stresses a

detailed reconnaissance from
the LD/LC to beyond the
objective. During this phase
you need to plan missions which
answer the PIR and provide the
commander and S3 with detailed
information about the terrain
and enemy that lie between them
and the objective.

You should have assets
first complete those missions
designed to provide specific
information that will answer
PIR, so gathered information
can reach the TOC in time for
the commander and the S3 to
make any changes to COAs or to
finalize the OFORD. There are
basically two areas in which to
conduct this detailed
reconnaissance: along the
friendly AAs and at the
objective.

RECONNAISSANCE ALONG THE
AVENUES OF APPROACH

Typical reconnaissance
missions along the AA are to—

o Detect, pinpoint,
classify, and report location,
dimension, and type of all
obstacles (constructed or
natural).

o Detect gaps or bypasses
of obstacles.

o Provide surveillance
and security of marks, gaps,
breaches, and bypasses of
obstacles.

9-1

FM 34-2-1

o Report trafficability
along AA.

AA.

o Establish OPs overlooking

o Reconnoiter terrain and
suspected enemy locations
capable of overmatching and
placing effective fire on the

o Detect locations and
strength of enemy R&S assets
along the AA.

RECONNAISSANCE OF THE
OBJECTIVE

Typical reconnaissance
missions in the area of the
objective are--

o Pinpoint fighting
positions. Provide strength,
weapon orientations, and
description of fighting
positions.

o Detect obstacles
and prepare to mark.
Detect breaches, gaps,
and bypasses.

o Reconnoiter area around
the objective (area depends
on METT-T) to detect possible
reinforcements or counterattack
elements.

o Establish OPs to maintain
surveillance of the objective.

As reconnaissance assets
conduct these missions, you
must ensure security,
surveillance, and CR assets

are providing coverage to the
maneuver elements while they
are preparing for this
offensive operation. It
appears to be two distinct
R&S missions taking place at
the same time. The first
mission is providing support
to the units that are preparing
for the offensive OPORD. The
second mission conducts R&S
to answer PIR concerning the
actual offensive operation.

SURVEILLANCE OF THE
OBTECTIVE

Now it is time to focus
on the second area of planning
consideration which stresses
surveillance. Surveillance
focuses on—

o The objective.

o Terrain along the
friendly avenue of approach

(AA).

o Possible enemy
reinforcement routes.

During this phase, you
must make sure the S3 and
all maneuver elements know
the locations of surveillance
assets.

Surveillance of the
objective should detect any
changes while the friendly
elements are maneuvering
forward. The surveillance
assets report any enemy
leaving or entering the
objective area.

9-2

FM 34-2-1

Any terrain that can
control the friendly AA
should be covered with
surveillance or controlled
by one of the seven BOS
listed at the bottom of the
DST.

Any routes leading into
the friendly AA or the
objective should be covered
with surveillance to provide
early warning of an enemy
counterattack or reinforcements
approaching. Again, these
surveillance operations occur
while the friendly elements
are maneuvering toward the
objective.

ONGOING RECONNAISSANCE AND
SURVEILLANCE PLANNING

The third area of planning
consideration focuses on both
R&S missions. This area
concerns planning R&S missions
once your unit takes the
objective. The S3 can now task
subsequent R&S missions to
those assets which provided
surveillance to the maneuver
elements. These R&S missions
depend on the type of follow-on
missions planned..

If the unit's mission is
to reconsolidate and prepare
to continue the attack to a
subsequent objective, you
should have a plan to continue
R&S activities forward to the
next objective. Remember,
planning is continuous. After
you accomplish this, your unit
can implement missions
discussed in supporting the

second and third areas of
planning considerations. A
key scout mission is
maintaining visual contact
with the enemy.

If the unit's mission is
to occupy and defend the
objective, you should recommend
an R&S plan stressing early
warning and CR operations.

If the unit's mission is to
pursue the fleeing enemy, you
could recommend that scout
elements provide flank security
as other maneuver elements
conduct guard operations.

The most important aspect
of the final planning
consideration is that it be

Planned out well in advance,
his ensures the assets are
prepared to execute the
mission, not reorganizing the
objective.

The three areas of planning
considerations previously
stated work particularly well
in a deliberate attack. You
can apply these same principles
for a movement to contact.

Do not be misled into thinking
these three areas of planning
considerations take place
independent of each other
at different times. On the
contrary, many times these
missions overlap.

We have shown you a
technique for constructing
complete R&S plans in
off ensive ope rations. Refer
to iChapter 121 for examples.

9-3

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 10

INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT
TO COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE

The S3 is in charge of
the CR mission. However,
the S2 plays a critical role
in developing the battlefield
situation in enough detail
to allow the S3 to target,
destroy, or suppress the
enemy s R&S assets.

STAFF OFFICERS

A number of staff officers
participate in CR planning and
execution. Essentially, you
must find the enemy's
reconnaissance units before
they can find and report back
on friendly unit locations.
You must process information
quickly and pass targeting
data to the S3 and the FSO.
Those staff officers involved
in CR planning and execution
are discussed oelow.

INTELLIGENCE OFFICER

The S2 must be
knowledgeable about the enemy,
weather, and terrain. Using
this knowledge, the S2—

o Identifies enemy
reconnaissance HVTs.

o Recommends engagement
areas and ambush sites
(TAI).

o Recommends HPTs.

o Makes sure electronic
warfare support measures (ESM)
support any planned use or EW
against enemy reconnaissance
elements.

o Develops an R&S plan to
find enemy reconnaissance well
forward.

o Evaluates vulnerability
of R&S assets to enemy R&S
and target acquisition
capabilities.

OPERATIONS AND TRAINING
OFFICER

The S3-

o Integrates fire,
maneuver, obscurants, and EW
to destroy or suppress enemy
reconnaissance.

o Task-organizes the unit
to defeat enemy reconnaissance
well forward.

o Plans use of EW to
suppress enemy reconnaissance.

o Determines and plans for
use of engagement areas and
ambush sites (TAI).

o Determines HPT based
on the commander's intent
and input from the S2 and
the FSO.

10-1

FM 34-2-1

o Develops deception
plans to deceive enemy
reconnaissance.

o Develops, executes,
and monitors the unit OPSEC
program.

o Uses targeting data
from the S2.

FIRE SUPPORT OFFICER

The FSO--

o Plans and coordinates all
indirect lethal and nonlethal
means to destroy or suppress
enemy reconnaissance.

o Provides appropriate fire
support coordination measures
to protect the R&S participants
(such as no fire areas or
restricted fire areas).

o Uses targeting data
based on FOS and organic or
supporting target acquisition
radars.

o With the S2, recommends
HPTs and TAI.

o Needs targeting data from
the S2 and also specific
weather and terrain data
for targeting and weapon
emplacement.

IEWSE OFFICER

The IEWSE officer-

o Recommends the use of MI
battalion assets, if attached
or in DS.

o Informs the commander,
S2, and S3 of the status and
location of MI battalion assets
within the unit's AO.

o Acts as liaison between
the maneuver unit and the MI
battalion S3.

o Provides expertise on EW
planning and use.

o Receives priorities from
the S3 and ESM priorities from
the S2.

AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY
OFFICER

The ADA officer-

o Provides early warning
of enemy fixed-wing attack
aircraft and rotary-wing
aircraft.

o Plans for and provides
air defense coverage of
friendly units well forward.

o Recommends the use of ADA
assets.

o Needs information on the
terrain and weather from the S2
to place assets.

o Receives information on
the air threat from the S2.

10-2

FM 34-2-1

o Needs ADA priorities and
weapons status from the S3.

ENGINEER OFFICER

The engineer officer--

o Recommends the placement
and types of obstacles to stop
or slow down enemy
reconnaissance.

o Provides the S2 with
information on the state of
the terrain and enemy special
reconnaissance activities.

o Receives information on
the terrain, weather, and enemy
from the S2.

o Needs engineer priorities
and the unit scheme of maneuver
from the S3.

CHEMICAL OFFICER

The chemical officer--

o Monitors contaminated
areas.

o Plans the use of
obscurants to suppress enemy
reconnaissance.

o Provides expertise on
areas of likely enemy NBC use.

to best engage enemy
reconnaissance units. You
also recommend which enemy
reconnaissance elements are
the most important for your
unit to destroy or suppress
(such as HPTs). This implies
close coordination and
synchronization among the S2,
IEWSE, S3, FSO, and the rest
of the staff.

MISSION PLANNING

To plan the CR mission, you
should know something about
how terrain and weather will
affect reconnaissance
operations. You should also
know threat reconnaissance
operations, equipment,
doctrine, ana tactics.
Remember, seek the assistance
of your CI team when evaluating
enemy capabilities.

Each threat division and
regiment has organic ground
reconnaissance units. These
units either confirm
information from other systems
or develop their own
information. They gather
information primarily by
patrolling and avoiding
contact. Reconnaissance units
may conduct raids or ambushes
to gather i nformation.

Figure 10-1

o Receives precise weather reconnaissa nce assets.

data.

Several primary and special
staff officers can provide you
with information; however, they
also require information from
you . Remember, you are an
integral part of the targeting
process. You recommend where

Figure 10-2

shows division

shows regimental

reconnaissance assets.

Reconnaissance patrols will
usually be reinforced with
tanks or additional armored
personnel carriers (APCs) from
the lead units. In addition,
the lead battalions may use

10-3

FM 34-2-1

RECONNAISSANCE
llBATTALION

IIHQAND
SERVICE CO!

1 x BRM-1

BMP
RE CON CO

COHQ

IBRDM RECON;
■: ASSAULT CO

RADIO/RADAR
RECON CO

. i

COHQ:

1 X BRM-1

IreconpltI

1 x ACV, BRDM-2U

... I

LONG-RANGE

RECON PLT
WHEELED

3 x BMP-1 or 2
1 x Chem Recon BRDM-2Rkh 6 x AbL \' BRDM " 2

RECON PLTl

LONG-RANGE
I RECON PLT

6 x ASC, BRDM-2 or

3 x T-64, 72, or 80 6 x APCi B TR-60, 70, or 80

NOTE: 1. BRM-1 includes TALL MIKE radar.

2. Personnel in the Recon Assault Co are parachute or airmobile trained. Small teams of
5 to 6 soldiers are trained to enter the enemy rear area by parachute, helicopter,
vehicle, or foot. They can land by helicopter (Mi-6A or Mi-26) with their vehicles.

OTHER RECONNAISSANCE ASSETS WITHIN THE DIVISION

ARTILLERY RECON
UNIT BTR . .

CHEM PLT !

ENGR CO

INCLUDES:

2 x BTR- 60, 70, or 80

1 x MTLB with BIG FRED radar

1 x BMP 1975 PRP-3 with SMALL FRED

3 x BTR-50 or 60
2 x UAZ TRUCK

4 x Chem Recon
BRDM-2 Rkh

Figure 10-1. Division reconnaissance assets.

10-4

FM 34-2-1

RECON
CO

COHQ

• 1 I

111 recon ill

PLT (TRACKED)

II IfRECONjiii
PLT (WHEELED

MOTORCYCLE

llllfSECTIONll!;

1 x BRM-1
with TALL MIKE
Radar

3 x BMP-1 or 2

4 x BRDM-2

3 x Motorcycle

OTHER RECONNAISSANCE ASSETS WITHIN THE REGIMENT

ATRY BN

,•■■■■,.• :

ICHEMPLT

ENGR CO

Includes:

1xBMP M1975 PRP-3

with SMALL FRED radar

8 x ACRV

Includes:

3 x Chem Recon

BRDM-2 Rkh/m

Includes:
3 x BTR-60

NOTE: Frogmen may be attached to assist in the reconnaissance of water obstacles.

Figure 10-2. Regimental reconnaissance assets.

reinforced platoons as combat
reconnaissance patrols.

REGIMENT

A reconnaissance company
with two reconnaissance
platoons provides regimental
reconnaissance. These normally
mounted platoons perform
reconnaissance across the
regimental front. The
reconnaissance company will
normally operate 25 to 30
kilometers forward of the

regimental main body, but may
operate a maximum of 50
kilometers forward.

These platoons, broken down
into patrols, are the eyes and
ears of the commander. They
normally consist of one to
three vehicles. Their purpose
is to provide information about
enemy location, composition,
and formations. These patrols
stress reconnaissance and will
avoid detection and engagement
by the enemy.

10-5

FM 34-2-1

Patrols, however, can
fight. Personnel and vehicle
armament provide sufficient
firepower for these
reconnaissance elements to
protect and disengage
themselves if necessary.

DIVISION

Division reconnaissance
assets provide the commander
ground, air defense, chemical,
engineer, electronic, and
signal reconnaissance, as well
as target acquisition. These
assets are located throughout
the division, especially
artillery and rocket units.

For troop reconnaissance,
the division has an organic
reconnaissance battalion that
includes two reconnaissance
companies, a reconnaissance
assault company (RAC) , and
other technical reconnaissance
assets. Due to the
unclassified nature of this
manual, technical
reconnaissance assets are not
presented here. For additional
information on the technical
reconnaissance assets, refer to
the Defense Intelligence Agency
(DIA) Study, "Reconnaissance
and Surveillance and Target
Acquisition of the USSR.

The two division
reconnaissance companies will
normally provide coverage
across the division front,
operating between the
regimental reconnaissance
company and RAC. These
companies typically perform
close reconnaissance missions

for the division commander,
with a primary mission of
reconnaissance rather than
combat.

Ideally, these companies
will locate high priority
targets, such as headquarters
and C 3 facilities, as well
as unit deployments and
movements. Normally, these
units will operate as small
patrols of two to three
vehicles with troops mounted.
Troops will dismount to perform
foot patrols or ambushes to
gather information. However,
their vehicles will not be far
away.

The RAC (also called
long-range reconnaissance
company) performs division
long-range reconnaissance.
It also provides the division
commander with a look-deep
capability out to 100
kilometers. Small teams of
five or six soldiers from
this company can be inserted
by parachute, helicopter,
vehicle, or on foot to collect
information within the enemy
rear area. These teams will
move primarily on foot,
avoiding engagements with
enemy forces, and will locate
high priority targets within
the enemy's division rear and
corps forward area.

While the primary
mission of these troops is
reconnaissance, they may
also have secondary missions
to conduct disruptive
operations in the rear area,
such as—

10-6

FM 34-2-1

o Ambushes.

o Prisoner snatches.

o Traffic diversions.

o Disruption of lines of
communication (LOC) .

o Limited attacks against
important targets of
opportunity.

When not operating in the
enemy area, this company is
capable of providing additional
reconnaissance patrols mounted
in their organic vehicles
within the division area.

RECONNAISSANCE FUNDAMENTALS

Reconnaissance plays an
important part in the overall
intelligence-gathering system.
It can provide confirmation
of other collection assets.
It often provides initial
information that can be
confirmed by other means,
such as electronic or signal
reconnaissance.

TROOP RECONNAISSANCE

Troop reconnaissance is
responsive to the commander's
needs and can provide timely
information on which to base
command decisions.

Division and regimental
reconnaissance efforts are
carefully planned, coordinated,
and supervised by the chief of
reconnaissance; while battalion
and lower commanders must
accomplish the task themselves.

RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS

Reconnaissance patrols
will gain information by
observation; they will bypass
defenders. However, they will
fight if required. Normally
the tanks and BMPs will
overwatch the BRDMs. BMPs and
BRDMs will make a detailed
reconnaissance of all likely
enemy positions, with the tanks
providing cover.

CHEMICAL-ENGINEER
RECONNAISSANCE

Chemical-engineer
reconnaissance teams will move
behind the lead reconnaissance
elements. When obstacles or
contaminated areas are located,
they will be marked and their
locations reported to the
regimental commander.
Reconnaissance elements will
use bounding overwatch
techniques. IFigure 10-31 shows
the Soviet reconnaissance

overwatch. IFigure 10-4| shows
Soviet reconnai ssance overw atch
with patrols. IFigure 10-5

shows Soviet technique pa
with overwatch.

rols

USING INTELLIGENCE

PREPARATION OF THE

BATTLEFIELD TO SUPPORT

YOUR COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE

EFFORT

Once again, the IPB process
can help in your planning. The
two most important products you
will develop in CR are
situation templates and event
templates. It will be helpful
to develop a series of

10-7

FM 34-2-1

2d ECHELON

1st ECHELON

ADVANCE
GUARD

CRP

REGIMENTAL
RECON

30 to 50 km

10 to 15 km

DIVISION q
RECON ^

▼

Figure 10-3. Soviet doctrinal deployment (meeting engagement).

Figure 10-4. Soviet reconnaissance overwatch.

10-8

FM 34-2-1

Figure 10-5. Soviet reconnaissance overwatch with patrols.

situation templates which
depict enemy reconnaissance
movement. Such templates allow
you to develop your event
template; and let your S3
visualize how you expect the
enemy to conduct their
rpronnaissrm re battle.
Figure 10-6| is a sample of
one such situation template.

SITUATION TEMPLATE

Do not make the mistake
of thinking the enemy's
reconnaissance will use the
same AAs as the enemy main
force. Remember, enemy
reconnaissance elements will
most likely operate as two or
three vehicles. Such small
elements can traverse almost
any kind of terrain. Keep
in mind, the mission of
reconnaissance is to seek
and report information, not
to fight. Therefore, enemy

reconnaissance will use routes
that have plenty of concealment
and cover.

Also remember, enemy
reconnaissance is looking for
the best route of attack; the
enemy may decide that attacking
over rough terrain is
preferable to attacking open,
but heavily defended, country.
For this reason, be sure to
consider your entire AI when
you develop your situation
templates. Do not get "tunnel
vision" and consider only
obvious AAs or MCs.

Look at all ways the enemy
can enter your sector,
including using No-Go terrain!
As a general rule, the more
concealment or protection a
route provides, the more likely
it will be used by
reconnaissance elements. The
outcome of well prepared

10-9

FM 34-2-1

Figure 10-6. Situation template of enemy reconnaissance

situation templates is a
commander and staff that have
a good indication of what the
enemy will look like on the
battlefield. This eventually
will save your R&S assets many
hours of unnecessary
reconnaissance or surveillance.

EVENT TEMPLATE

Based on your situation
templates, develop your event
template. Your event template
will show where on the

battlefield you expect to see
enemy reconnaissance elements.
Then concentrate your R&S
attention on those areas (NAI)
to detect enemy reconnaissance
activity.

Remember, the key to CR
intelligence support is finding

those enemy reconnaissance
units before they can discover
friendly positions and report

back. Therefore, you must
carefully study the effects of
weather and terrain on enemy

10-10

FM 34-2-1

reconnaissance to determine at
what point the enemy can
observe friendly positions.
Usually, this is a function
of observation (LOS) and
visibility in your unit's AI.

Compare these limits with
the enemy's known
reconnaissance observation
capabilities (such as infrared,
thermal, light enhancement, and
telescopic). As you do this,
you wifl begin to identify a
limit of enemy advance (LOEA).
Essentially, you must prevent
the enemy from going beyond
this limit; because past that
limit, the enemy can observe
friendly positions.

|Figure 10-7| shows an
example of an LOEA, or you can
recommend a phase line (PL)
that represents the LOEA.

R&S PLAN

You should focus your R&S
assets forward of the LOEA to
identify enemy reconnaissance
before they can spot your
unit's positions.
Additionally, your analysis of
the terrain may indicate there
are isolated terrain features
forward of the LOEA you must
control to prevent enemy
observation of your unit's
position.

For example, you may have
determined, based on general
terrain and weather conditions,
that your LOEA is 5 kilometers
in front of your FEBA.
However, you discover there are
two hills approximately 7 to 8

kilometers in front of your
FEBA which allow observation of
your unit's positions.
Essentially, those three hills
become key terrain for the CR
battle. You must prevent the
enemy f rom occupyi ng those
hills. iFigure l0-8| snows you
an example of this.

By integrating your LOEA
and key terrain with your event
template, you have narrowed the
battlefield to specific points
or areas where you can focus
your R&S assets. You can now
go through the process of
determining SIR, matching R&S
assets with SIR and NAI, and
developing detailed R&S
instructions.

COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE

Remember, normally your S3
will actually task units for
the CR mission based on your
input. (Of course, this may
differ depending on unit SOP.)
Because of the importance of
winning the CR battle, many
units use a large CR force.
(Sometimes this force may be up
to one-third of the entire
unit.)

FINDING THE ENEMY

Your S3 will task-organize
the CR force based on the
commander's guidance, your R&S
requirements, and your estimate
of the enemy reconnaissance
force.

You have a big role to play
in forming the CR force. This
implies, however, you know

10-11

FM 34-2-1

«W»J«rW

10-12

Figure 10-7. Limit of enemy advance.

FM 34-2-1

Figure 10-8. Example of key terrain.

10-13

FM 34-2-1

something about friendly R&S
capabilities, maneuver
capabilities, organization,
tactics, and equipment.
Therefore, you cannot afford
to concentrate solely on
threat forces.

TARGETING

So far this chapter
discussed finding enemy
reconnaissance elements. The
other side of the CR mission
is to target and destroy or
suppress those reconnaissance
elements so they cannot report
your unit's position. You have
a role to play in this aspect
of the CR mission as well.

Remember, during the
war-gaming process, the
commander and the S3 identified
friendly COAs. Part of that
process was—

o Developing TAI.

o Deciding how best to
engage enemy units at TAI.

o Formulating decision
points or lines.

As the S2, you are the
expert on the enemy, weather,
and terrain. Based on your
situation templates, you
have a good idea which enemy
reconnaissance units will
go where. Based on your IPB
terrain and weather analyses,
you have a good idea where
on the battlefield your unit
can best engage those enemy
reconnaissance units.
Therefore, you are in a
position to recommend to

your S3 various engagement
areas or ambush sites (TAI)
in which to catch enemy
reconnaissance elements.

Once again, remember, you
must destroy or suppress
enemy reconnaissance before
they can discover your unit's

Positions and report back,
herefore, any TAI you
recommend should be forward
of the LOEA. You will also
want to point out any key
terrain you have discovered
to your S3. Key terrain are
natural TAI, since the enemy
recognizes their importance
as much as you do. Do not
forget the role EW can play
in suppressing enemy
reconnaissance units.

Although your S3 is
responsible for planning the
use of EW, you and the IEWSE
can recommend its employment.
Both of you should plan an
ESM program that will support
any E W use. Remember, enemy
reconnaissance elements are
priority targets of jamming
and/or DF. You can also
integrate smoke and obscurants
to multiply the effectiveness
of your EW effort.

USING R&S MISSIONS
TO SUPPORT CR

As explained before, CR
essentially consists of finding
the enemy reconnaissance; then
destroying or suppressing those
elements oefore they can report
friendly unit positions. This
implies some friendly elements
will act as finders and some
will act as shooters.

10-14

FM 34-2-1

Normally, the scout platoon
should be finders, not
shooters. They do not have
the organic firepower to
decisively engage enemy units.
However, your scouts must be
linked to the shooters, to
include aviation, maneuver,
and artillery. You may
position your scouts along a
screen line so they can
observe NAI or concealed
routes into your sector. The
scouts then report detection
of enemy reconnaissance and
provide targeting data to the
shooters.

You may also augment your
scouts or R&S mission with
armor, mechanized infantry,
light infantry, or AT
elements. In this situation,
you might employ your scouts
as roving teams. The scout
element finds the enemy
reconnaissance, informs the
S3, who then calls in the
armor, infantry, aviation, or
in direct fire a ssets to destroy
it. iFigure 10-9| is an example

of scout employme nt to sc reen
concealed routes. IFigure

110-101, is an example of the
use of mechanized^ infantry with
scouts under operational
control.

To effectively plan your
portion of the CR mission,
you need to know how threat
reconnaissance operates. For
additional information on
threat smoke and obscurant
employment, refer to the
Joint Test Command Group
manual, 61 JTCG/ME-87-fO,
Handbook for Operational
Testing of Electro-optical
Systems in Battlefield
Obscurants.

This chapter discussed
various staff roles in the
CR mission, how y ou can
contribute, and now the threat
performs reconnaissance at
regimental and division
levels. It is also important
for you to do your "homework"
to find out how the various
threat forces conduct
dismounted reconnaissance.

10-15

FM 34-2-1

Figure 10-9. Using scouts to screen concealed routes.

10-16

FM 34-2-1

Figure 10-10.

Example of the use of mechanized infantry with
scouts under operational control.

10-17

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 11

RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE
IN LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT

During LIC operations, R&S
must provide your commander a
wide range of information in a
complex environment.

FACTORS

Factors to consider when
planning R&S in an LIC
environment include—

o US forces mission—
counterinsurgency, combatting
terrorism, peacekeeping
operation, or peacetime
contingency operations.

o Threat—conventional
forces, insurgent forces,
terrorists, demonstrators, or
a combination of two or more.

o Environment— social,
psychological, political, and
economic factors. Terrain and
weather are also important
considerations.

o Host nation government-
support, information sharing,
security forces, and military
forces.

The US force's mission,
environment, and host-nation
government are influences that
have an affect on what we do
offensively or defensively.
However, the LIC threat will
require you to spend the most
time learning how to predict
the enemy's next move.

THREAT

The LIC threat can range
from demonstrations, terrorist
acts, insurgent or guerrilla
activity to confrontations with
conventional forces. The
characteristics of a threat
force depend on the level of
insurgency. US maneuver forces
will most likely face insurgent
forces or a hostile country
conventional military force.
Your unit may face
demonstrators or terrorist
threats. But primary popula-
tion control responsibility is
with the host nation.

Insurgent or guerrilla
forces usually fight in small
cells. They carry light
weapons and can concentrate
forces against major
facilities, then disperse after
the operation. Insurgent
forces can operate in urban
areas but prefer remote areas
for better concealment and
security. You can expect to
fight squad- to platoon-size
forces when facing insurgent
forces. They will rely on—

o Well-planned ambushes.

o Attacks on soft targets.

o Sniper and mortar
attacks.

11-1

FM 34-2-1

The objective is to
demoralize and frustrate their
opponent by attacking a variety
of targets in a wide AO.
Segments of the populace can
play a key role in the
insurgent intelligence net; in
which case, they would become
a primary target of friendly
CI efforts.

Guerrilla forces need
support from political
sympathizers or foreign
powers. They need an effective
system of obtaining food,
ammunition, weapons, equipment,
and training. In some cases
insurgents conduct raids for
equipment. By eliminating
insurgent supply nets and
sources they lose combat
effectiveness.

See DA Pam 381-3, How Latin
American Insurgents Fight, for
detailed information.

CONVENTIONAL THREAT
FORCES IN LIC

Conventional threat forces
in an LIC environment conduct a
variety of missions. These
missions involve advising and
assisting insurgent forces on
how to fight. Conventional
threat forces train insurgents
on the use of sophisticated
weapons or act as leaders for
insurgent units. This
involvement depends on support
provided by the hostile
government.

Conventional threat forces
can operate in traditional

roles attacking and defending
to support insurgents. These
forces are infantry, or
mechanized infantry supported
by artillery, mortars, and
armored vehicles. Alone with
limited CAS, they could nave
NBC weapons.

Their equipment is a mix
from severaT major weapons-
producing countries (for
example, United States,
Belgium, Soviet Union, China,
and West Germany) . Usually
this equipment is a generation
or two older than that found
in modern armies. However,
this trend is slowly changing.
The type of weapons used in
an LIC environment varies
from homemade weapons (mines
or shotguns) to sophisticated
weapons (SA-7's).
Understanding the capabilities
of guerrilla/insurgent weapons
and collection and target
acquisition systems helps you
in R&S planning.

GUERRILLA /INSURGENT
OPERATIONS

Guerrilla operations are
those military actions executed
with selected commands and
combatants. For this reason,
it is necessary to obtain
specific enemy information,
and to know the enemy's
situation by observation.
In guerrilla operations,
attacking by surprise and
having control of key terrain
are essential.

11-2

FM 34-2-1

Everyone who engages in

fuerrilla operations, oesides
eing elusive, must have had
excellent training and
preparation. The following
are general prerequisites or
priorities for the preparation
of an individual guerrilla
fighter.

o Physical conditioning.

o High morale.

o Individual combat
training.

o Land navigation and
knowledge of the terrain.

o Complete understanding
of the mission.

o Clear understanding
of his or her role in the
mission.

o Discipline.

o Esprit de corps.

o Aggressiveness,
dexterity, self-confidence,
valor, and courage.

o Decisiveness and
patience.

Guerrilla operations
include--

o The ambush.

o The incursion.

o The surprise attack.

o Sabotage (machinery,
electrical energy, and
telephone).

o Infiltration (capture
of personnel, weapons, and
documents).

In every guerrilla
operation, the execution of
the mission must be guaranteed.

Current and accurate enemy
information, including terrain
and weather knowledge, are key
to prepare, plan, ana execute
the mission. Every small
detail must be covered in the
plan, and nothing should be
overlooked.

For each guerrilla
operation, training or
simulated attack must be
conducted and verified; these
must be in terrain which
closely resembles the site
characteristics where the
operation will be carried out.

Individual guerrilla
training must be continuous;
it must always strive for
superiority in all aspects of
training. Training must focus
on the prerequisites mentioned
above.

Coordination is a high
priority during each guerrilla
operation. Coordination
ensures teamwork and helps to
guarantee the success of the
operation.

Selected commands and
combatants, as well as
weaponry, are key ingredients
for the operation. Each
guerrilla fighter must make
full use of weapons and must
not fire continuously. It is
very important that strict fire
discipline be followed.

11-3

FM 34-2-1

Terrain knowledge,
appropriate camouflage, and
surprise are essential
elements during the execution
of a guerrilla operation.

Surprise, security,
rational use of resources,
and economy of force are the
key principles of guerrilla
warfare tactics. These must
be followed in every guerrilla
operation.

Guerrillas around the
world typically fight the
same way. They use surprise,
night operations, careful
planning and selection of
targets, and timing to
inflict the greatest damage.
They are particularly sensitive
to the propaganda value of
the psychological impact of
every action they take, from
a single terrorist act
(bombing or political
assassination) to a major
assault on a critical
installation.

Guerrillas can best be
described as capable, all-
weather soldiers who live
off the land, thus reducing
the amount of rations they
need to carry. They operate
in their own domain and,
because of their familiarity
with it, can negotiate the
most difficult terrain in
any kind of weather, at any
time of the day. They usually
attack at night to ensure the
element of surprise. The
overall combat effectiveness
of these fighters is usually
good .

UPPER ECHELON ORGANIZATION

The guerrilla's military
organization is a network of
insurgent groups placed in
different parts of a country.
It has a definite command
structure based on geographical
location. Thus, a "Northern
Command," an "Eastern Command,"
a "Central Command," and a
"Northwest Command" would
correspond to the area of the
country in which each c ommand
operates. |Figure ll-l| shows a
typical insurgent organization.

The guerrilla military
organization is headed by a
general staff with staff
departments organized to
fulfill training, logistic,
troop, intelligence, and
operational functions.
Figure 11-21 shows t he general

s t a i i . |Figure 11^3 shows the

1 o g i s t i c statt. [Figure 11-4

shows the troop staff

The guerrilla military
forces have an infrastructure
ranging from a brigade of
several thousand down to a
cell of three to five people.
Falling in between are
battalions or columns with
500; detachments, 100;
platoons, 20 plus; and
squads, 10.

The largest insurgent force
normally encountered during
combat is the platoon. The
platoon consists of the
platoon leader and two or
three squads. Each squad has
7 to 11 soldiers, a squad
leader, an information or

11-4

FM 34-2-1

URBAN

ORGANIZATION

I1|cell|||

CELL!

I CELL |

lllCELLIIll

POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION

COMMANDO

TERRORIST
ORGANIZATION

COMMANDO

TERRORIST

ORGANIZATION

• RURAL;:
GUERRILLA

J ORGA>izX!lON

■ NORTHERN HI
FRONT/
W COMMAND

EASTERN
FRONT/ ;
COMMAND I

SUBCOMMAND

| CELL |

I cellII

III centralII

FRONT/ %
COMMAND

SUBCOMMAND

[:cCELL|| I CELL I

J CELL J

SUBCOMMAND

CELL)

CELL

CELLS

NORTHWEST

,':>• FRONT/ •
"COMMAND:

SUBCOMMAND

Figure 11-1. Insurgent organization.

11-5

FM 34-2-1

GENERAL STAFF
OF A GUERRILLA

illMIUTARY., j
If ORGANIZATION

MILITARY
I INSTRUCTION III

::: ... • • -,,... ::;!•::

STAFF

, ■ ' ;

1 ' . Ill

POLITICAL*;:
INSTRUCTION I
STAFF

1
MILITARY
INSTRUCTOR

LOGISTIC

STAFF ;

TROOP STAFF

||;|political11|I
ii) instructor ii

|!|pIUTARY||
INSTRUCTOR

: mM&

POLITICAL
INSTRUCTOR

lifMLITARYJ!

instructor)

political;;

INSTRUCTOR

OPERATIONS
111 STAFF

SCOUTING UNIT

INTELLIGENCE

ISfuNIT

Figure 11-2. General staff.

11-6

FM 34-2-1

ARMS AND |
MUNITIONS

: MEDICAL ;
EQUIPMENT

NOTE: All these groups are mobilized to back up the fighting units. With the exception of
the group in charge of medical equipment, these individuals are not combat trained and serve
by supplying the combatants with munitions or by acting as medics. The arms and ammunition
personnel guard the caches of weapons and the shops where weapons are repaired and
munitions manufactured.

Figure 11-3. Logistic staff.

if TROOP 11
STAFF

1ST
J! COLUMN 11

| COLUMNJ

. COLUMN ; ;

1STPLT

1 2D PLT
1

3D PI

-I

1STPLT

PLT

[ 3D

PLT

1ST

PLT

'Id

PLT;

3D PLT

|| 1ST 111

1-squad;;

squad]

Figure 11-4. Troop staff.

11-7

FM 34-2-1

political officer, and a
messenger. Squads are
sometimes subdivided into
smaller units of three to
five men (including a leader);
these are also referred to
as subsquads.

SUBSQUADS

These smaller units, called
subsquads, have the following
missions:

o Combat subsquads maintain
security for the remainder of
the squad during movement.

o Sabotage subsquads
consist of a demolition section
and a security section. The
security section provides
security to the demolition
section during sabotage
operations.

o Reconnaissance subsquads
consist of a reconnaissance
section and a security section.

PLATOON

The guerrilla platoon is
the basic (tactical) unit of
the guerrillas. It is made up
of--

o One platoon leader.

o Two squads (of 7 to 11
guerrillas each). Each squad
also has one leader.

o Each squad can be
subdivided into two subgroups,
depending on the mission.

Platoon organizations are--

o Combat platoons have two
squads: one assault squad and
one security squad.

o Reconnaissance platoons
have two squads: one
reconnaissance squad and one
security squad.

o Other platoons provide
logistic support (storehouses
for arms), withdrawal sites,
communications system,
transport, firing ranges and
maneuver sites, underwater
demolition, sabotage, and
propaganda.

COMMAND AND CONTROL

The insurgent organization
and chain of command simply
consists of leaders and
followers. Insurgent
commanders exercise control
over their forces by delegating
command authority down to the
platoon and squad levels.
Although several platoons may
be committed in combat, all
missions are assigned and
conducted at the squad level.

Insurgent combat units may
operate alone when seizing
terrain, but all unit
commanders must ensure that the
high command provides detailed
instructions for their unit.
The leader of a combat unit is
expected to exercise effective
control of all combatants, to
assign specific functions, and
to see that they are strictly
complied with.

Insurgents are also trained
to use their own initiative

11-8

FM 34-2-1

when faced with unforeseen
situations. The unit must be
flexible and capable of solving
problems associated with
missions assigned by the
supreme command in such areas
as--

o Communications.

o Chain of command.

o Mobilization of forces.

o The use of equipment and
firepower.

EQUIPMENT

Insurgents require the same
combatant gear to perform their
mission as the friendly forces;
however, insurgents do not
usually have the same
equipment. Theirs is obtained
from a variety of sources
through a complex logistic
system. Weapons, food,
medicine, and other supplies
are obtained by one of the
following methods: black
market, captured, stolen, or
provided by second-party
sources.

Much of the equipment is
obtained from government forces
through raids on isolated
outposts or ambushes on
military units and convoys;
additional guerrilla supplies
and arms come from other
countries. Some equipment is
purchased abroad with money
obtained through terrorist
activities (kidnapping and
robbery) .

A more popular and
practical means of obtaining

military supplies is by
capturing government weapons;
this ensures an abundant supply
of ammunition and repair parts
is available. The three
essential requirements of
insurgent weapons are
availability, simplicity, and
efficiency.

Usually, each combatant has
the following equipment:

o Rifle: Belgian FAL;
Israeli Galil; German G-3;
Soviet AK-47 or AKM; Czech
M-25; and United States M-2,
M-14, or M-16.

o Pack or knapsack.

o Web belt.

o Canteen.

o Beret, cap, or hat.

o Protective combat
clothing that blends with the
terrain.

o Combat boots.

o Knife and steel blade.

o Weapon cleaning
equipment.

o Nylon cord, approximately
2 meters long.

o Square of plastic, 2 by 2
meters (to protect weapon from
rain) .

o Medication kit (such as
aspirin, bandages) .

Each unit has a radio
(probably commercial type, AM

11-9

FM 34-2-1

or FM) to keep the insurgents
informed of the news.

An insurgent unit may have
one or more of the following
weapons:

o Hand grenades
(fragmentation, concussion, and
incendiary).

o Grenade launchers.

o Mortars.

o Mines of the claymore
type.

o An assortment of AT and
air defense weapons.

ARTILLERY

Artillery is the principal
fire power for some insurgent
forces. Insurgents use it
because of its range, volume of
fire, and accuracy. The
principal mission for an
artillery unit is to neutralize
or destroy the enemy and their
means of combat. Mortars and
recoilless weapons are usually
the preferred artillery pieces
used by the guerrilla, probably
due to their mobility and
portability.

Guerrillas can and will use
captured heavier weapons. They
will transport them by
commercial vehicles into the
battle area; or abandon them,
if necessary, if they impede
their withdrawal from the
area. Artillery is classified
according to--

o Recoil construction and
type of tube.

o Caliber: small caliber,
20 to 57 mm; medium caliber, 58
to 152 mm; large caliber, over

152 mm.

o Bore: smooth (mortar),
the 205 mm has grooves.

o Firing: high angle or
flat trajectory.

o Means of transport:
mechanical traction or
self-propelled.

o Initial velocity
classified as follows: mortars
from 150 to 400 meters per
second; a howitzer from 300
to 600 meters per second;
and cannons from 900 to
1,500 meters per second.

It is important to note
that some of this equipment
is homemade, such as uniforms,
pistol belts, and harnesses.
Insurgent camps sometimes
contain factories where Molotov
cocktails; booby traps;
claymore type mines; grenades;
and ammunition, including
mortars, can be produced at
little cost in a short time.

TYPES AND SOURCES OF SUPPLIES

The guerrilla, by
necessity, uses a wide variety
of weapons, some self-
manufactured, some captured,
and some supplied from outside
sources. In the earlier stages
of a war, the weapons are
usually primitive, homemade
rifles, Tiand grenades, and
claymore type mines; trails
are crudely oooby-trapped with
Punji stakes and shallow pits
lined with nail boards.

11-10

FM 34-2-1

Nearly every guerrilla war
has produced ingenious
improvisations, both from
necessity and to avoid a
cumbersome logistic supply
system. Nothing can be simpler
to construct and use than a
Molotov cocktail or a plastique
bomb; and under certain
conditions, nothing can be more
effective.

Arms and Ammunition

All types of arms are
needed for a guerrilla
movement. However, there are
three important factors which
insurgents have to keep in mind
when arms are selected:
weight, range, and rate of
fire. Guerrillas carry their
weapons for long periods of
time, thus the weapon must be
as light as possible. The
weapons must be effective both
at snort and long range.
Maximum rate of fire is
critical since guerrillas
need to place a large amount
of fire in a short amount of
time. With a variety of
weapons comes the need for
different types of ammunition.
Individuals responsible for
acquiring ammunition must be
able to distinguish between the
different types and caliber
rounds needed.

Food

Just as with arms and
ammunition, food is a basic
necessity for a guerrilla
movement. It must be easy to
carry, nutritious, and not
perishable (such as chocolate,
condensed milk, dried fish or

meat, rice, beans, cereals,
sugar, coffee) . The main
sources for food are local
villages, supplies left behind
by government troops,
warehouses, stores, and the
land itself.

Explosives

Explosives are the key to
guerrilla operations due to
their destructive power. They
are used to destroy bridges,
railroad lines, airports of
military value, communication
lines, and electrical towers.
To acquire explosives,
clandestine groups are formed
which operate in areas where
explosives are used. By
attacking vehicles whicn
transport the explosives,
they are able to obtain the
explosives needed.

Hand Grenades

These can be industrially
or domestically manufactured.
There are two types of hand
grenades:

o Defensive— A metallic
container that splinters; has
an effective range of more
than 30 m; and is used mostly
to break out of a siege by
disorganizing the enemy.

o Offensive— A container
filled with an explosive
charge, which when ignited,
creates a proliferous blast
of fire or pellets. This type
is used mostly for ambushes
and in attacks on garrisons.
It also serves to disorganize
the enemy, as well as cause
casualties.

11-11

FM 34-2-1

External Supplies

Nicaragua has been the
main source of external
supplies since the start of
insurgences in Central
America. While in South
America, Cuba has been the
primary source guaranteeing
the guerrillas a sustained
rate of supply and resupply.
Supplies are carried by
aircraft, small boats, trucks
with false bottoms, stolen
buses, or pack animals. It
depends on the terrain and on
the control exercised by the
guerrillas in the area in which
they are operating.

Internal Supplies

On the local level, if the
guerrillas have funds, they
purchase food and medicine.
However, this is rare; and
these are primarily acquired by
stealing and pillaging from
villages and towns temporarily
occupied by guerrilla groups.
Known as 'war taxes," farmers
and merchants are threatened
with death if they fail to pay
(comply).

In the cities, safe houses
serve as storage and
distribution points for the
guerrilla's supply network.
Large caches of weapons and
ammunition are kept at
convenient, centrally located,
and relatively safe geographic
locations.

In regions controlled by
the guerrillas, the
noncombatant camp followers are
required to cultivate the land

for cereals and basic food
grains, with the guerrillas
taking half of the harvest.
In some areas, sugar mills and
slaughter houses are operated
by collaborators of the
guerrillas. Basic food stuffs
such as beans, rice, cooking
oil, salt, sugar, and corn are
collected and stored before an
insurgent offensive. When not
in combat, guerrillas are able
to obtain supplies with money
almost anytime, anywhere.

COMMUNICATIONS

It is impossible to direct
a war without communications.
Among the most important forms
of communication for the
guerrillas is the radio. There
are two types of radio
communications: tactical and
operative communications and
strategic communications.

Tactical and Operative

These are the radio signals
used by leaders to command
their units in operations,
marches, and encampments. Due
to the need for maneuverability
and agility, radios used
include walkie-talkies, citizen
band, and PRC-77.

Strategic

These are radio signals
used by strategic commands in
order to have an overall vision
of all the fronts of the war
and to direct the war. In long
distance communications, a
variable selection of ham
radios are used.

11-12

FM 34-2-1

When setting up a base
camp, the radio operator seeks
a high location to establish
effective communications.
Radio waves require LOS; so
it is important that the radio
operators set up operations at
the highest point to avoid
natural or artificial objects.
The radio is always set upright
with the antenna in a vertical
position directed towards the
receiver with whom the
insurgent wishes to
communicate. Messages are
brief.

Relay stations bridge
stations that do not have
direct communication because
of topographic obstacles or
too long a distance. There
are two types of relay
station: manual (operated by
an individual) and automatic
(signal is sent out
automatically when received) .

FORMS OF GUERRILLA COMBAT

To prepare for combat, the
guerrillas must train in

isola ted locations.

11-5| shows a typical guerrilla

Figure

training complex." Before the
guerrillas train on hitting
targets they are indoctrinated
on the typic al targets t hey
should hit. [T
typical guerr

Figure 11-6 shows

a targets.

RAID

This is a fast, surprise
action carried out against an
enemy position or force. Its
purpose is related directly
to current needs in the
development of the guerrilla's

campaign (arms, food,
propaganda). Generally, raids
are well planned and carried
out in small units composed of
three to twelve individuals.
They occur more frequently
in the initial stages of an
insurgency when few individuals
and arms are available. Once
their goal is achieved, the
force withdraws quickly and
disperses.

ASSAULT

This is a more
sophisticated, complex attack
designed to annihilate a target
and its defenders. As assault
is of a larger scale and
purpose, it requires the
occupation of positions and
strategic locations since the
guerrillas are fighting against
prepared defensive positions of
the enemy. At a certain phase
of a local insurgency, the
prime goal becomes that of
eliminating enemy units, thus
changing the correlation of
forces in the region.

AMBUSH

This is an action carried
out by small units against a
moving enemy with great
superiority in soldiers and
arms. Factors that influence
the outcome of an ambush are
location, terrain, position,
camouflage, signals, and
retreat. There are three types
of ambushes:

o Annihilation— enemy
troops sustain the maximum
number of casualties to reduce
or destroy the combat

11-13

FM 34-2-1

******

Sf<

?A-i"-i

WA)) 'i V 02 iff an ^r /•

8 CV AORIOULTURAL XVu'f >' „' •

S \\ AHEA ^*«V

» ..'

I v

3 TOWN LOCATED ^
d SOUTHWEST FROM^fc.
a THE TRAINING CAMP

D
O

\\
W

LEGEND:

• Foxholes
| Buildings

j£ Destroyed or damaged buildings

A)) Athletic fields
Trails

H/H

Trench
Bomb craters

Hand-to-hand combat area

Underground bunker system
Perimeter defensive positions

Figure 11-5. Typical guerrilla training complex.

11-14

FM 34-2-1

ENGINEERING AND
ENERGY SYSTEMS

COMMUNICATIONS
AND SUPPLY

TRANSPORTATION

HUMAN

Hydroelectric plants

Offshore oil rigs

Nuclear facility sites

Gas pipelines

Dams and electric
power lines

Water supply

Oil and gasoline storage

Repair facilities

Explosive storage

Communications lines and
facilities

Chemical storage sites

Dock facilities

Equipment warehouses

Chemical storage sites

Computer facilities

Weapons storage sites
(special and conventional)

Food storage

Railroads

Bus depot

Airports and aircraft

Trucking facilities

Shipyard, docks

COMMERCE

Banks

Gun and sporting
goods store

Embassy and government
officials

Corporate executives

Police

Dependents of the above

Schools and school buses

Areas catering to personal
needs

Members of military forces
and their dependents

Foreign tourists

MILITARY

Sensitive weapons
Arms

Ammunition
POL storage

Logistic and storage
facilities

Computer facilities

Communication centers

Command and
control facilities

Vehicles

Explosives

Recreational facilities
Aircraft
Maintenance facilities

Figure 11-6. Typical guerrilla targets.

11-15

FM 34-2-1

effective ness of thp government
forces. I Figure 11-7| shows a

typical annihilation ambush.

o Harassment— enemy troops
are harassed by engagement in
small skirmishes to destroy
their will or to distract and
tire them, thus causing
.deterioration of morale.
Figure 11-8| shows a typical
harassment ambush.

o Containment-- enemy forces
are surrounded by mines,
obstacles, and small arms fire
to halt movement to and from a
specific area; usually to keep
them from reinforcing a
government unit in conta ct with
insurgents. |Figure 11-9| shows
a typical containment ambush.

INSURGENT MAP SYMBOLS

These are the symbols used
hy known insurgent groups.

Figure 11-101 shows the military
mapping symbols. The listing
includes many military mapping
symbols used by the Soviet
armed forces; however,
different meanings have been
applied.

Insurgents normally use the
symbols that are taught to them
by the country that is
providing training and
equipment. Also refer to DA
Pam 381-3 for insurgent
military map symbols.

MOVEMENT FORMATIONS

Movement formations
include--

o Column formation.

o Single firing or line
formation.

o Diamond formation,
o Wedge formation.

o "L" formation.

o Two-echelon formation.

o Fan formation.

COLUMN FORMATION

Column formations are used
for deploying from one area to
another when government forces
are not present. When this
move is performed by a squad,
all members know their places
in the formation. Positions
are numbered in advance by the
squad leader, and each numbered

gosition is assigned a mission,
kid numbers are used for the
left file of the column; and
even numbers for the right
file. The squad leader
determines the spacing between
personnel based on tne terrain
and visibility.

When required by terrain
and operational needs, the
squad leader divides the squad
into two groups. The assistant
squad leader takes the second
group. This formation is
normally used for movement
over terrain where there is
no probability of attack.
The squad's fire power is
concentrated on the flanks;
therefore, the p oint and rea r
are very weak. iFigure 11-11

shows the column formation.

11-16

FM 34-2-1

LEGEND:

^\ Guerrilla firing points
I (small arms)

<r Withdrawal Routes

Government force wheeled
vehicle (personnel)

Claymore mine
(electric detonator)

Figure 11-7. Typical annihilation ambush.

LEGEND:

JL. Guerrilla firing points
T 1 (small rifle)

+ Withdrawal routes

_^m Government force wheeled
eMlR vehicle (personnel)

Figure 11-8. Typical harassment ambush.

11-17

FM 34-2-1

LEGEND:

^h Guerrilla firing points
(small rifle)

Withdrawal routes

Road block (obstacle)

Row of mines

ndH Government force wheeled

"•""• vehicle (personnel)

Figure 11-9. Typical containment ambush.

are not present. When this
move is performed by a squad,
all members know their places
in the formation. Positions
are numbered in advance by the
squad leader, and each numbered

gosition is assigned a mission.
»dd numbers are used for the
left file of the column; and
even numbers for the right
file. The squad leader
determines the sparine between
personnel based on the terrain
and visibility.

When required by terrain
and operational needs, the
squad leader divides the squad
into two groups. The assistant
squad leader takes the second

group. This formation is
normally used for movement
over terrain where there is
no probability of attack.
The squad's fire power is
concentrated on the flanks;
therefore, the pniol a_o_d m#r

are very weak. iFigure 11-11
shows the column formation.

SINGLE FILE OR
FIRING LINE FORMATION

This type of formation
is used when necessary to
cover a 100- to a 3 00-Tneter

area, figure 11-12I shows
the single file or firing
line formation. It is used
when--

11-18

FM 34-2-1

Figure 11-10. Military mapping symbols.

11-19

FM 34-2-1

Squad leader

Direction of movement

Assistant squad leader

Figure 11-11. Column formation.

Squad leader

A A A A A A

Assistant squad leader

Figure 11-12. Single file or firing line formation.

Squad leader

•o

Assistant squad leader

# Figure 11-13. Diamond formation.

11-20

FM 34-2-1

WEDGE FORMATION

A wedge formation is used
for advancing or performing
reconnaissance over open
terrain. This formation covers
the front, as well as both
flanks; however, the rear is
undefended. This type of
formation is used mainly to
move where there is a
possibility of being attacked.
It can also be used to break
or penetrate an enemy barrier.
|Figure 11-14| shows the wedge
formation.

"L" FORMATION

The "L" formation is an
attack formation used, in two

flanks. Figure 11-15 shows the

it -r n r — . • O ^~. -i -i

M L" formation. It can be used
before the assault by deploying
one squad to gain a shock while
the remaining squad provides
security. From the rormation
of a single to a double column,
it can quickly change to a
diamond formation. These
changes take place on command
and are performed as discussed
below.

Double Column

Upon command, odd numbers
extend to the left, while even
numbers extend to the right.
One combatant leads the
formation at the front while
the one at the rear provides

Figure 11-16

rear security.

shows a double column

formation.

Changing Double Column to
a Diamond Formation

In order to change a double
column to a diamond formation,

the insurgents change the
above-mentioned formation. At
this time, the insurgents on
the right extend to that side,
while those on the left ext end
to the right.
11-16.1)

(See |Figure|
The combatant trom the
rear guard at the right flank
maneuvers, while providing rear
security. The group on the
left that heads the team
secures the front.

TWO-ECHELON FORMATION

This type of formation is
used for a deliberate attack or
a movement to contact. While a
squad advances, the other one
supports it; and upon occupying
a new position, the one
advancing stops and provides
support whilp thp othpr unit
advances. [Figure 1 1 - 1 7| shows
two-echelon formation.

FAN FORMATION

This formation is used when
the commander calls the unit to
assemble to assign a mission or
issue other directives. The
voice of rom rnand is: "S QUAD

ASSEMBLE." |Fi^ure 11-18| shows

the fan formation.

TACTICAL COMMAND BASIC
ORGANIZATION

Basic organizations for the
tactical command are the basic
unit operations, basic platoon
operations f and breaking
contact. [Figure 11-19 snows

the basic organization.

A basic unit operation is
when one squad conducts
reconnaissance for about an
hour before the rest of the

11-21

FM 34-2-1

*+-

Squad leader C~J^

Direction of movement Qy/-~\

(/ ) Assistant squad leader i)

Figure 11-14. Wedge formation.

Squad leader v^

Direction of movement (~\

( /) Assistant Squad Leader ^x _ _ _ _^

^ O0OOO

Figure 11

-15.

a L" formation.

/\/\ Squad leader

Direction of movement

O <8> O O O

O O

(/) Assistant squad leader

Figure 11-16. Double column formation.

Squad leader # A A A A

4 4 A A
Assistant squad leader

Figure 11-17. Two-echelon formation.

11-22

FM 34-2-1

(

' < \/ > \ Squad leader (^

o
^ o

/ ) Assistant squad leader

® o
o

o s°

NOTE: Assistant squad leader has no set position.

Figure 11-18. Fan shape formation.

INSURGENT
UNIT TYPE

(42)

HI ...LEADER, AND j!|||
ASSISTANT LEADER

II LEADER AND
ASSISTANT LEADER

1. PLATOON (21)

2. PLATOON (21)

SQUAD 1

i SQUAD 2 j

SQUAD 3

SQUAD 1 I I SQUAD 2 I SQUAD 3 I

(7)

Figure 11-19. Basic organization.

11-23

FM 34-2-1

unit follows. This
reconnaissance squad then
occupies key positions for
observation to prevent
government forces from
surprising the unit.

A basic platoon operation
is when the first squad
provides frontal security, the
second squad covers the flanks,
and the third assumes the rear
guard role.

When breaking contact with
the enemy, the first platoon
acts as a delaying force until
the second platoon withdraws;
after which, the first platoo n

gure

withdr aws by squads.
' 11-201 lists the sounds produced
during basic operations.
Figure 11-211 shows a typical
base camp which is the hub of
all operations.

INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION

OF THE BATTLEFIELD

CONSIDERATIONS

The doctrine that threat
forces use to operate in LIC
may not be well known. Your
initial IPB effort will
probably require you to modify
some IPB products to account
for the Lit environment. These
products can help you plan
K&S. Factors not graphically
portrayed during the normal IPB
process which come into play
during LIC include social,
political, psychological, and
economic factors.

CIVILIAN POPULATION

During LIC operations the
civilian population plays a key

role. You enhance your R&S
plan and the information
obtained by gaining the support
of the civilian population.
You also become familiar with
the civilian populations
attitude toward their own
government and the US forces.
In most cases, your R&S asset
will observe or monitor groups
of civilians to determine if
they pose a threat.

The understanding and
analysis of the civilian
copulation during the IPB
process impacts greatly on the
^&S effort. A lesson learned
from Operation Just Cause is
that "the population cannot
read maps nor give grid
coordinates." Therefore, when
providing the intelligence
information part of IPB during
prehostilities, build a street
map, showing city landmarks;
use this with civilian
informants.

IPB PRODUCTS

Products produced during
the IPB process impacting on
the R&S effort vary depending
on the threat. The mission
requirement influences the type
of overlays and subject
categories needed. The
following paragraphs cover some
LIC IPB products and how they
relate to the R&S effort.

Incident Overlay

The incident overlay
provides the historical data
needed to look for trends and
to conduct p attern analys is on
the threat. Figure 11-22 shows

11-24

FM 34-2-1

SOUND

DISTANCE THE NORMAL
HUMAN EAR CAN HEAR IT

Normal conversation can be heard

90 to 100 meters

Conversation in a low voice

35 to 45 meters

Conversation of words

70 to 80 meters

Normal footsteps

20 to 30 meters

Footsteps over leaves and branches

60 to 80 meters

Sound of coughing

55 to 65 meters

Sound of something being dragged

10 to 20 meters

Cocking a weapon

400 to 500 meters

Rifle shot

2 to 3 kilometers

Automatic weapons fire

3 to 4 kilometers

Machete cutting

1 50 to 250 meters

Cutting down trees

250 to 350 meters

Trees falling down

750 to 850 meters

Digging trenches

1 to 2 kilometers

NOTE: This chart is based on the approximate distance heard without any outside disruptive influence,
at sea level.

Figure 11-20. Sound chart.

11-25

FM 34-2-1

^m\ hosf
1 \ ■

" . *»

HOSPITAL / \

[KITCHEN f
-' HOSPITAL

BLDG

> ■ >'\

^ TAILOR SHOP / , .

X _, / I BARRACKS/SUPPORT /

^ „ ^ - \ /< BL0G •'

- ^ - \ /B\ I (M AIN HOUS E)

V JAIL

ADMIN BLDG _ H

(AV)

i -*

/ /

SHELTER^ ^ comm BLDG ' v

LEGEND:

N/A

Building

Trench

Trail

Bunker

Construction or obstacle
is not active at this time

(AV) Air visible

• Foxhole

Cave

Entrance unimproved
road or trail

Figure 11-21. Typical base camp.

11-26

FM 34-2-1

LEGEND: (not to scale)
Railroad
Major road
Bridge
Airport

Building

RED- Insurgent attack, sabotage,
and killings
YELLOW- Possible insurgent surveillance

Dam
River
Mines

BLACK- Site or target penetration,
attempted penetrations

GREEN- Insurgents gather equipment
and supplies (food, weapons,
and money)

Figure 11-22. Incident overlay.

11-27

FM 34-2-1

an incident overlay. You can
identify the types of missions
the insurgents tend to favor
and determine the insurgent
AO. This map will show
insurgent control or lack of
control in specific areas.

Based on this overlay,
considerations on where to
focus R&S as sets are made.
Figure 11-23 shows an incident
matrix. By constructing an
incident matrix, the analyst
can determine the times, days,
or methods when insurgents will
attack targets and can
determine their operational
trends. The incident overlay
will require coordination with
the host nation to ensure
complete and accurate
information.

Situation Map

The insurgent situation map
(SITMAP) is built f rom the
incident overlay. iFigure 11-24
shows an LIC SITMAP. The
SITMAP adds current
intelligence and activities
which indicate insurgent
movement, resupply operations,
or attacks. You will confirm
or deny information on the
SITMAP using R&S assets. These
assets--

o Monitor insurgent supply
routes.

o Monitor radio
transmissions.

o Visit civilian
communities.

o Patrol LOC.

o Patrol critical sites.

o Provide coordination
between local law enforcement
and host nation military units.

o Provide sketches of
insurgent bases.

When briefing patrols, the
SITMAP warns of danger areas
such as mines or insurgent
controlled areas.

Trap Map

The trap map identifies
targets the insurgents will
attempt to sabotage or attack.
Figure 11-251 shows an LIC trap
map. These targets may
include--

o Hydroelectric plants.

o Weapon storage sites.

o Airports.

o Banks.

o Government offices.

o Terrain favoring
ambushes.

Analyze these areas for
insurgent access and escape
routes. Preplan use of R&S
assets to support trap map
areas in case indicators snow
insurgent intent to attack.
Photographs or sketches of the
areas can help the analysis and
planning process.

11-28

FM 34-2-1

ACTIVITY

DATE/DAY

TJtfE

LOCATION

1. Surveillance of
hydroelectric
plant

06 Sep

Friday

1000
to 1800

grid
* yellow

2. Railroad bridge
sabotaged

12 Sep
Thursday

2000
to 2300

grid
* red

3 . Personnel watching
airport

08 Oct
Monday

0800
to 1500

grid
* yellow

4. Bridge sabotaged

21 Sep
Friday

2100
to 2200

grid
* red

5. Attempted

penetration of

hydroelectric

plant

03 Oct
Thursday

0244

grid
* black

6. Mine kills two
government troops

15 Oct
Saturday

1700

grid
* red

7. Mine damages bus,
1 killed 5 injured

15 Oct
Saturday

1200

grid
* red

8. Food stolen from
village warehouse

17 Oct
Monday

0230

grid
* green

9 . Mayor executed
in village

18 Oct
Tuesday

2100

grid
* red

10. Police uniforms
and weapons
stolen

18 Oct
Tuesday

0330

grid
* green

* Color code activity and plot on map as dot with activity
number next to it. Look for patterns where insurgent forces
are concentrating efforts. Identify insurgent targets and
possible isolation or terrorizing of villages. Analyze matrix
for times or days insurgents may tend to conduct specific
operations.

Figure 11-23. Incident matrix.

11-29

FM 34-2-1

Figure 11-24. UC SITMAP.

11-30

FM 34-2-1

f||§|^ Heavy

vegetation

Figure 11-25. LIC trap map.

11-31

FM 34-2-1

Population Status Overlay

Figure 11-26| shows a

¥opulation status overlay,
his overlay portrays the
attitude of the population in
your AO and AL It shows who
supports the government, who is
neutral, and who supports the
insurgents. This overlay can
further classify population
into tribal, religious, ethnic,

Political, or economic groups,
he detail of information on
this overlay depends on
insurgent strategy and
availability of information.

Focusing R&S assets toward
a particular group may provide
vital information on insurgent
activity. Knowing pro-
Government areas ana
proinsurgent areas will also
help protect your limited R&S
assets.

ASSETS

R&S assets available during
LIC operations depend on
mission and host-nation
support. Peacetime contingency
operations will require less
R&S assets than counter-
insurgency operations. Close
coordination with the host
nation will be vital.
Information received from local
agencies will supplement the
R&S plan.

Typical collection assets
available to brigade and
battalion S2s during LIC
operations include--

o Patrols.

o Scouts.

o GSRs.

o REMBASS.

o OPs.

o Radio intercept
and DF.

Additional assets depend on
force package and may include—

o AN/TPQ-36 countermortar
radar.

o AN/MPQ-49 FAAR.

o Army aviation.

o QUICKFIX and CI and
interrogation of prisoner of
war teams, supporting MPs,
and host-nation law enforcement
and intelligence units.

PATROLS

In LIC operations,
patrolling is one of the
primary ways to obtain and
develop information. Patrols
collect data on population,
insurgent activity, and terrain
by using a combination of
route, zone, and area
reconnaissance.

Effective patrolling
provides the location,
strength, and disposition of
insurgent forces. Patrols can
confirm insurgent weapons and
the presence of foreign
military advisors. Areas
requiring special attention
while planning patrols include

11-32

FM 34-2-1

Figure 11-26. Population status overlay.

11-33

FM 34-2-1

rivers, streams, and
agricultural areas. Patrols
conducted around key
installations give early
warning and prove effective
during CR or security missions.

Limitations to consider
include communication and
security. The primary means
of communication for dismounted
patrols is the FM battery-
powered AN/PRC-77. Also,
the patrol's small size leaves
it vulnerable to ambush or
attack.

The scout platoon gathers
information on insurgent forces
while conducting patrols or by
established OPs in assigned
areas. They conduct much the
same missions as patrols from
the line companies; but scouts
usually extend out farther than
company patrols. Examples of
missions that scouts conduct
include--

o Locating and providing
detailed information on
insurgent bases.

o Establishing OPs to
monitor these bases while
friendly forces move forward
to attack.

o Reporting possible supply
routes used by insurgent
forces.

Augmenting patrols with
attached interrogation assets
can add to the patrol's ability
to gather intelligence by
interrogation or questioning
of the local populace.

Augmentation of native scouts
familiar with the area provide
an advantage. Again,
communications and security are
primary limitations to scout
operations.

GSR

GSR missions in an LIC
environment may include
continued search of open
areas or surveillance of
point targets. GSRs are
very effective when integrated
into R&S plans for
installations, bases, and
airfield security. They can
verify activity detected by
other sources (such as OPs,
REMBASS, NODs) or vector
friendly patrols.

The AN/PPS-5 and AN/PPS-15
are currently found in MI
battalions supporting airborne
and air assault divisions.
The AN/PPS-15 is found in
light infantry division MI
battalions. System use depends
on the AO and the mission.

GSR limitations include LOS
to target. This is a key
factor when insurgent activity
occurs in forested or urban
areas.

Extremes in weather such as
rain, wind, or snow will
degrade their operations.

AN/PPS-5 users must
consider the system's weight
if the mission is in rouen
terrain or requires quicK
movement. It weighs in
excess of 110 pounds without

11-34

FM 34-2-1

batteries, which are 12
pounds each.

REMBASS

REMBASS is a valuable asset
in the LIC environment.
REMBASS gives indications on
the amount of traffic along
suspected insurgent trails; and
it provides early warning when
used along routes leading to
possible insurgent targets or
rriendly base camps.

Sensors have a 24-hour,
near all-weather capability.
The information obtained cues
the use of patrols, GSR, or OPs
to confirm activity.
Considerations when using
remote sensors include radio
LOS to the relay or monitoring
station. The transmitting
range is about 15 kilometers
for sensors and repeaters, and
up to 100 kilometers for
airborne repeaters.

VOICE COLLECTION TEAMS

The MI battalion
subordinate to heavy, light,
air assault, and airborne
divisions have voice collection
teams capable of supporting the
R&S effort. The AN/TRQ-32
TEAMMATE and the AN/PRD-10
provide IEW support. The
QUICKFIX and GUARDRAIL (a corps
MI brigade asset) can assist in
the EW collection effort based
on availability.

The AN/TRQ-32(V)(I)
(TEAMMATE) will intercept HF,
VHF, and UHF communications.

It provides VHF LOB data. The
power of the intercepted signal
and LOS determine range
capability. Limitations to be
considered include mobility of
the prime mover and security
for systems when operating
outside a security oase.

The AN/PRD-10/11/12 is a
mobile radio DF system. It can
operate as a single station
providing intercept and LOB
data. when operating in the
net mode with three other
stations, the AN/PRD-10
provides intercept and manually
computed radio DF fix locations
of enemy transmissions. The
AN/PRD-10 weighs approximately
80 pounds; its range depends on
LOb and the power of the
intercepted signal.

When available, the
QUICKFIX or GUARDRAIL can
conduct airborne DF. These
systems have extensive range
and can provide locations on
enemy transmitters.

Evaluate all available
assets within the brigade or
battalion capable of supporting
the R&S effort. Some assets
and their capabilities follow:

o Helicopters resupply,
insert, or extract patrols;
they also conduct limited
route and area reconnaissance.

o The countermortar
radar AN/TPQ-36 (DS to the
artillery battalion) provides
information on insurgent mortar
locations.

11-35

FM 34-2-1

o Patrols search suspect
areas for mortar tubes and
ammunition cache sites.

o CI teams provide
information on insurgent
activities and their
intelligence capabilities.

Consider all human sources
such as convoy truck drivers,
FOs , and personnel from
host-nation agencies or units
(such as refugee camps, civil
affairs checkpoints, local

law enforcement, and
intelligence.)

Fighting in an LIC
environment requires a
continuous R&S effort. This
effort stresses reporting
information to the S2 and
disseminating that information
no matter how insignificant.
It also involves the total
force. IFig ure 11-27
example or

employed in a battalion R&S
plan.

is an
how these assets are

11-36

FM 34-2-1

Figure 11-27. Battalion R&S plan.

11-37

FM 34-2-1

"A/ V V^

INSTRUCTIONS

FOR BATTALION R&S PLAN

(LIC)

Scout Teams : Team 1 insert during darkness by POV or
HMMWV. Check LZ A and conduct route reconnaissance along Axis
Blue. Establish base at GSR position 1 and continue with four
personnel to find enemy base camp vie 1111. Two personnel will
return along Route Blue with sketches of enemy base and will
guide attack force. The two personnel remaining at enemy base
camp report activity and indications camp may move prior to
attack. Pick-up point for personnel with sketches vie 612345
(during darkness) .

Team 2 insert during darkness same technique as team 1.
Check LZ B and conduct route reconnaissance along Axis Red.
Locate enemy base camp and provide sketches. Two personnel will
remain to observe and report base camp activities. Establish
pick-up point for personnel with sketches vie 222222 (during
darkness) .

Team 3 use same insertion technique at vie 333 333.
Establish scout camp with GSR position 2. Set up OPs/LPs vie
444444 and vie 555555. Report enemy movement in NAI 2 and also
check LZ C.

Team 1 move with scout team 1 and establish site vie
666666. Report enemy patrol activity along river vie 777777.
Vector scouts upon request.

Team 2 move with scout team 3. Establish site vie 888888 to
monitor bridge NAI 3 and NAI 2. Give priority to movement along
river, then activity across bridge.

Figure 11-27. Battalion R&S plan (continued).

11-38

FM 34-2-1

CHAPTER 12
ELECTRONIC WARFARE ASSET EMPLOYMENT

Normally, division staffs
and higher echelons plan for
the use of IEW assets.
However, you may be in a
situation where you have MI
unit assets either attached or
in DS of your unit. In either
case, you must be able to
properly direct those assets
in support of your R&S plan,
as well as your unit's CR
plan. To do that, you should
understand—

o The fundamentals of EW.

o Who plays what role in
EW planning.

o What IEW assets are
needed to help you answer your
commander's rlR and IR and
support the unit CR plan.

FUNDAMENTALS

IEW assets belonging to MI
units do three things: " they
provide combat information;
they provide data which
contributes to production of
intelligence; and they give
your unit an EW capability.
EW should be a vital element
of your unit's command,
control, and communications
countermeasures (C 3 CM)
program. EW is one way
commanders protect their
electronic systems while
attacking the enemy's

electronic systems. Your
staff should plan for use
of EW within three broad
mission areas:

o Defend.

o Degrade or disrupt.

o Deceive.

DEFEND

The defend mission includes
your use of electronic counter-
countermeasures (ECCM) to
protect your unit's electronic
systems. ECCM includes proper
use of signal operation
instructions (SI)I), terrain
masking, and proper radio and
television operator procedures.
FM 24-33 contains detailed
information on ECCM. The
defend mission also includes
ESM to find and target enemy
jammers and ECM to screen
friendly communications from
the enemy.

DEGRADE OR DISRUPT

You degrade or disrupt
enemy electronic systems by
targeting electronic emitters
or jamming electronic
receivers. Normally, the small
number of jammers available to
you forces you to be highly
selective about which targets
to disrupt.

12-1

FM 34-2-1

The S3 is in charge of the
degrade or disrupt mission.
You must support this mission
through intelligence and ESM
which intercept, identify, and
locate potential targets.

DECEIVE

Electronic deception is
normally controlled by division
or corps. Deceiving, or
electronic deception, provides
false information to the enemy
through electronic devices.
It is intended to induce the
enemy into acting against
their best interests.
Deception is achieved by
feeding false or misleading
information to enemy electronic
sensors; or by transmitting
it directly into operational
channels. (Normally, this
is part of an overall deception
plan.) Make sure that what
the enemy collects
electronically agrees with,
or at least does not refute,
the overall deception
scheme.

IEW systems collect combat
information through ESM.
Essentially, consider your
IEW assets as one more source
you can use to help answer
your commander's rlR. However,
you do not directly task this
source, specify which assets
do what, nor emplace these
assets. You do specify what
you want to know, and
coordinate with your IEWSE and

S3 to make sure your IEW assets
do not interfere with your
unit's scheme of maneuver. We
will address this later in this
chapter.

More than likely, your IEW
assets will spend significant
time supporting or executing
the EW degrade or disrupt
mission. Look at this mission
as consisting of two
components: passive and
active. ESM is the passive
part. That is, your IEW assets
work to collect information
that will support the ECM, or
the active part, of the
mission.

ECM consists of jamming and
deception. Essentially,
jamming delivers a hign level
of power to an enemy receiver,
preventing that receiver from
receiving its intended
transmission. Your IEW assets
must radiate energy to do
this. Therefore, they are
susceptible to enemy
countermeasures.

Deception causes the enemy
to misinterpret what is
received by electronic
systems. Once again, your
IEW assets (and any other
assets you choose to use)
must transmit to deceive.
Therefore, deception is
active as well. More
detailed descriptions of EW
are in FM 34-1, Chapter 5.

12-2

FM 34-2-1

PLANNING

Your S3 is in charge of
planning and using EW. The S3
is responsible for integrating
EW into your unit's scheme of
maneuver. However, it is the
FSO who must intergrate EW
into the overall fire support
plan. This becomes especially
important for suppression of
enemy air defense operations.
You must support your S3's EW
plan by carefully selecting ESM
priorities. (The S2 should
assist the S3> with EW

planning.)
breakdown
~.iW planning.

Figure 12-1 1
breakdown of who does what in

is a

Finally, the IEWSE officer
is the resident expert on your
MI unit IEW assets. The IEWSE
officer--

o Recommends use.

o Coordinates physical
placement.

o Acts as liaison between
you and the assets.

o Coordinates EW planning.

o Recommends EW support for
fire and maneuver.

Your unit has four
electronic options to attack
enemy electronic systems:

o Intercept.

o Locate.

o Jam.

o Deceive.

Intercepting provides
combat information and
technical data on the enemy's
electronic systems as well as
raw data for processing into
intelligence. Technical data
supports jamming and electronic
deception.

The locating option
provides approximate locations
of enemy radio and radar
antennas. This aids in the
use of directional antennas
for jamming, and may be used
with other information to
provide targe ting-quality
data.

Jamming disrupts the
receipt or exchange of orders
and oattlefield information.
It can delay the enemy long
enough for the commander to
exploit a situation that
otherwise would have been
corrected. Jamming provides
a nonlethal alternative or
supplement to attack by fire
and maneuver. It is we 11-
-suited for targets that cannot
be located with targeting
accuracy, or that only require
temporary disruption.

As a general rule, you
will want to destroy or jam
enemy electronic systems
located near your PLOT.
Enemy communications systems
located farther back will
normally be used by enemy
planning elements. Therefore,
they may be more valuable as
,a source of, information.

|Figure 12-2| is a list of
electronic options listed by
enemy echelon and distance from
the FLOT.

12-3

FM 34-2-1

FIRE SUPPORT OFFICER

C-E OFFICER

IEWSE OR Ml UNIT

-Friendly situation-electronic deception
-Planned operations-ECCM
-ECM target priorities
-EW HPT identification

-Fire support integration
-EW HPT identification

-MIJI feeder report identification
-Taboo, protected frequencies
-ECM support to ECCM
-Effects on friendly ECCM planning
-Electronic deception

-ESM priorities
-Enemy situation

-Enemy capabilities
■HVT identification
-EW HPT identification

- Electronic OB or EPB
-Asset tasking
-Asset status
-Technical data
-Effectiveness assessments

Figure 12-1. EW employment coordination requirements.

12-4

FM 34-2-1

Li.

Z LU

o z
o o

LU LU
W Q

CVJ

Z
< CL

• o

: UJ

d >.

^ o

O i-
10

8
o

O
CM

H
CO

CO
CO

O
<r

LU -g*

0.
O

Z Q

~ LU

^ Q

~ LU

S Q

« LU

2 Q

O
Q

~ LU

16
z o

z
<

o o
o o

LU
Q

< o

Q
, Z
DC <

o
o

a.
o

a.
p

a.
O

a.
p

LU
CO

LU
U_
LU
Q

LU
O

a.
O

Q.
O

CO
GC

LU
LU

Z
LU

Q.
O

tr
ii.

O
CVJ

O
CO

_CM_

2 u

o z

a o

z u

2 >

z ffi

£ CO
DCLU
CL CT

Ico

QC LLJ
Q.GC

2
O
<r
u.

uj-p-
Q§

z
<

< Q

z
o

Figure 12-2. Electronic options.

CO
DC
LU

o
o

c
■d

ctj
c:
o
o

■D
Q)

£
a)

CtJ

x:
o

c
.Q

S.
o

a>
a)

12-5

FM 34-2-1

EW planning follows the
normal staff planning process.
It begins with the mission and
commander's guidance. During
the planning process, your
staff determines electronic
HPTs . You then divide your
electronic HPTs into four
categories:

o Targets located for
destruction (targeting).

o Targets to be jammed.

o Targets to be intercepted
for combat information or
intelligence.

o Targets to be deceived.

WHAT TYPE OF INTELLIGENCE

AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE

ASSETS ARE NEEDED?

Once you have categorized
your electronic HPTs, you need
to have a way to tell your IEW
assets what you want them to
do. Do this by providing your
IEW assets a list of priorities
on a target list worksheet.
Remember to include both ESM
(passive) and ECM (active)
priorities.

STAFF ACTIONS

You and other staff
officers determine ESM and
ECM priorities by war gaming.
Remember that ESM must support
ECM. ESM may also help you
answer the commander's FIR.

Your S3 ultimately
determines ECM priorities
(based on staff input).
The S2 determines—

o ESM priorities based on
your commander's PIR and IR.

o The S3's ECM priorities.

o When and where on the
battlefield the PIR, IR, and
ECM become most important.

The IEWSE officer relays
your unit's ESM and ECM
priorities to your attached
or supporting IEW assets.
Figure 12-3 is an example of
a completed EW target list work
sheet. It shows how you can
synchronize those priorities
to support the DST. In this
example, identifying and
locating enemy reconnaissance
units of the 141st MRR is the
number one ESM priority because
the commander's top PIR
initially is to locate enemy
reconnaissance units.

The second and third ESM
priorities are to identify and
locate divisional and
regimental air defense assets.
Note that the first ECM
priority is to jam divisional
air defense nets. In this
case, the third ESM priority
supports the first ECM
priority. Your EW assets
cannot jam those nets without
first finding them.

Obviously, the first ECM
priority reflects that CAS is
important to the success of
the mission; and jamming enemy
divisional air defense nets
supports the planned CAS
mission. If you compare the
target list work sheet to the
DST, you will see the
relationship between ESM and

12-6

FM 34-2-1

EW TARGET LIST WORKSHEET

PRIORITY

TIME
WINDOW

TARGET
UNIT

TARGET
LOCATION

TARGET
ACTIVITY

CONTROL
MECHANISM

FEEDBACK AND
COORDINATION

ESM

ECM

310600Z

to
311200Z.

Regimental
recon
company,
141st MRR.

Probable
screening
NB865343 to
NB741372.

Reporting
movement
from OP to OP.
Reporting spot
rept.

Report by
location.

310600Z

to
311300Z.

Regimental
air Defense
battery,
141st and
142d MRRs.

From

NB842340 to
NB627385 to
NB625522 to
NB868418.

Report

occupying

positions.

Identify and
location.

ESM311200Z to
311400Z.
ESM start:
Approx311345
for 10 min.

Divisional air
defense
regiment,
39th GMRD.

From

NB625372 to
NB868478.

Report
occupying
positions, and
operational
status of acquir-
ing aircraft.

Positive
control ,
spot, and
jam.

Identify and
locate ECM
effectiveness.

H-1

"\H

H+1

H+2

H+3

DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE

INTEL

PIR 1-RECON 141.
PIR2-REGT ADA.

PIR 1 - REGT ADA.
2-DIVADA.

PIR1-DIVADA. -JAMDIV.
2-MAINDEF. ADA NET.

PIR

1- MAIN DEF.
2-ITB.

MANEUVER

SCOUTS
OUT

SPTF-141
TF-39

FIRE SUPPORT

PREP GROUP
FIRE 1 X2,TAI#1

-STRIP ALERT ARTYTAI 2
3xA7

SEADTAI#3 PREP FIRE
CASTAI#3 GP3 x 4

ADA

YELLOW TIGHT

RED FIRE

YELLOW HOLD
CORRIDOR "BABBALOO"

MOBILITY AND
COUNTER MOBILITY

ENGINEER FORWARD
RECON PRIORITY

1. MOBILITY
2.COUNTERMOBILITY
3. SURVIVABILITY

1-C/MOB
2-SURVL

TAC FORWARD

TAC ASSUMES CONTROL
MAIN DISPLACE
RETRANS OUT

CSS

TOP OFF
AMMO DISTR

DISPLACE
TRAINS

LD/LC

LOA

TAI 1

LD/LC

PL FRED

PL ETHEL

LOA

Figure 12-3. EW target list worksheet.

12-7

FM 34-2-1

ECM priorities and how the unit
intends to fight the battle in
time.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE TARGET
LIST WORKSHEET

Specifics of the EW target
list worksheet follow:

o Time window is the time
you want your assets to spend
looking for the target; or the
start/stop times you want your
assets to jam the target.

o Target unit is the
specific unit or target you are
looking for. The more specific
you are, the easier it is for
your IEW assets to find it.

o Target location is where
you expect the target to be.
Location can be based on actual
information or on situation
templates.

o Target activity is the
specific type of communications
you want collected or jammed.

o Control mechanism is how
you want the target unit to be
jammed (such as spot jamming,
barrage jamming). Your IEWSE
can tell you more about the
advantages and disadvantages of
each type of jamming; and can
recommend which kind will best
support your mission.

o Feedback and coordination
is exactly what you are looking
for; for example, location and
identification of the target
and effectiveness of jamming.
Check with your S3 to see what
kind of feedback is required.

Again, your IEWSE can help in
this area.

TARGET LIST WORKSHEET:

RECONNAISSANCE
AND SURVEILLANCE PLAN

An EW target list worksheet
is the equivalent of an R&S
plan for your IEW assets. It
tells your assets what they
should look for, when they
should look for it, and what
and when to jam. The EW target
list worksheet should be a
total staff effort among you,
the S3, the FSO, and the IEWSE.

Remember, you should not be
concerned with the details of
how to collect the information,
such as which specific asset
should do what, and where each
asset should go. Those details
are left to the attached or
supporting MI unit and your
IEWSE . Simply tell them what
you want, and let them figure
out how best to do it.

You must, however, make
certain that the emplacement
of your IEW assets does not
interfere with your unit's
mission. Therefore, make sure
your IEWSE coordinates all IEW
positions with your S3. Also,
remember to continually monitor
those IEW positions so that
they do not get overrun or
outdistanced by maneuver units.

Keep your IEWSE updated on
the enemy frontline trace; and
insist on frequent status
reports on your IEW assets.
Figure 12-4 is a list of

organic or supporting M
by echelon. Figure 12-

units
is

12-8

FM 34-2-1

ELECTRONIC WARFARE UNITS

ECHELON

Ml ORGANIZATION

MAJOR EW UNIT

EWSUBUNIT

CORPS

BRIGADE

Ml BN (TE)

Ml BN (TE) (RC)

Ml BN (AE)

EWCO

EW CO (COLL) AND

EWCO(ECM)

AVN CO (EW)

HEAVY DIVISION

BATTALION

C&J CO
EW CO

C&J PLATOON SIGINT
PROCESSING PLT
QUICKFIX FLT PLT
(OPCON)

LIGHT DIVISION

BATTALION

COLL CO

VOICE COLL PLT
QUICKFIX FLT PLT
(OPCON)

AIR ASSAULT
DIVISION

BATTALION

HHOC
C&J CO

QUICKFIX FLT PLT

C&J PLT AND

NONCOMM PLT

AIRBORNE
DIVISION

BATTALION

C&J CO

C&J PLT AND
NONCOMM PLT
QUICKFIX FLT PLT
(OPCON)

ACR

COMPANY

C&J PLT
QUICKFIX FLT PLT
(OPCON)

SEPARATE
BRIGADE

COMPANY

COLL PLT (VOICE)
VHF ECM PLT

Figure 12-4. Supporting IEW units by echelon.

12-9

FM 34-2-1

UJO

8 HI

>,^ Q.CO
C _C0

D
■D
CD

'€
o

■D
CD
A
™
O
CO
CD

CD
O

■D

c
5

CD
CO

2 O

UJUJ-

>« o

CO o

LU LU «

LU
>
LU
O
LU

m LU

0. K

o <

CO S

CO CD
2 CO CO LU

12-10

Figure 12-5. Electronic attack options.

FM 34-2-1

an electronic attack options FM 34-40 provides a detailed

chart. Figure 12-6 shows discussion of EW operations.

IEWSE officer responsibilities.

1. Integrates IEW missions with brigade operations.

a. Ensures collection and jamming missions support the
commanders intent, concept of operations, scheme of maneuver,
and fire support plan.

(1) LOS analysis for initial deployment locations,
specifically:

(a) High ground for C&J.

(b) LOS from jammers and collectors to target
(NAI) .

(d) LOS from jammers and collectors to C3 sites
for reporting.

(2) LOS analysis for subsequent redeployment locations
in accordance with overall tactical scheme of maneuver. Same as
above .

b. IEWSE officer studies brigade OPORD with special
attention to items above, especially unit boundaries and phase
lines.

c. Coordinates with brigade S2s to identify specific PIR,
IR, and NAI to confirm or deny enemy COAs, with special
attention to —

(1) How the S2 estimates enemy COAs to develop.

(2) Templated enemy forces and IPB.

(3) Probable indicators and enemy forces expected to
deploy at each NAI.

(4) Associated enemy emitters and electronic clusters
at each NAI.

(5) Probable time line(s) .

(6) Type nets and frequencies (technical control and
analysis element) .

^V VA V\ ' V

12-6. Brigade IEWSE officer responsibilities. 12-11

FM 34-2-1

— x/ V v^ \

(7) Location of specific collection assets to cover
specific NAI above.

(8) Impact of weather on operations.

d. Coordinates with S2 to ensure collection operations
reflect commander's specific PIR and IR; and are synchronized
with the overall R&S plan, with special attention to —

(1) Unit scouts, patrols, OPs/LPs.

(2) GSRs.

(3) REMBASS.

(4) Division long-range surveillance units.

(5) Cavalry operations.

(6) USAF reconnaissance.

(7) Interrogation of prisoners of war and CI.

(8) Fire support.

e. Coordinates with brigade S2 and brigade
communications-electronics staff officer (CESO) to ensure
current brigade challenge and password is passed to MI battalion
S3.

f. Coordinates with brigade S3 to ensure IEW operations are
synchronized with brigade scheme of maneuver, with special
attention to —

(1) Locating jamming assets to serve as an effective
combat multiplier as part of overall scheme of maneuver and fire
support plan.

(2) Coordinating operational sites and fallback
positions with maneuver elements.

(3) Coordinating times and routes for deployment or
redeployment.

""V V \Ar

Figure 12-6. Brigade IEWSE officer responsibilities (continued).

12-12

FM 34-2-1

-^v Va v^ \j

(4) Planning redeployment of MI ground C&J assets by
bounding as part of overall scheme of maneuver.

(5) Planning integration of airborne QUICKFIX to cover
times and locations not covered by ground assets.

g. Coordinates with brigade S4 for logistic support, with
special attention to —

(1) Attachment of MI assets , as appropriate.

(2) Roll up of all MI battalion assets operating in
brigade ACR, from MI battalion S3 and S4.

h. Coordinates with brigade CESO for —

(1) Proper CRYPTO fill and frequency for brigade
operations and intelligence (O&I) net.

(2) Protected frequencies to prevent electronic
fratricide.

(3) Deconfliction of IEW operational and C3 sites with
signal units.

(4) Location of jammers.

(5) Relays.

i. Coordinates with brigade FSO for —

(1) Deconfliction of IEW operational and C3 sites with
fire support units.

(2) Fire support planning to avoid engagement areas.

(3) Family of scatterable mines (FASCAM) targets.

(4) Use of tactical fire direction computer system
(TACFIRE) net to pass sanitized reports quickly.

(5) Fire support radar locations.

(6) Protective fires to cover withdrawal of IEW assets,
as required.

*V \h V^ \

Figure 12-6. Brigade IEWSE officer responsibilities (continued).

12-13

FM 34-2-1

-"V V ^ \

j . Coordinates with brigade engineer for —

(1) Location of current or planned mine fields and
obstacles.

(2) Brigade classifications.

(3) Route reconnaissance.

(4) River crossing -sites and classification,
k. Coordinates with brigade ADA officer for —

(1) Deconfliction of IEW operational and C3 sites with
ADA units.

(2) FAAR locations.

(3) QUICKFIX air corridors, loiter times, and
locations.

(4) Identification, friend or foe (IFF) (radar) .

(5) Current ADA weapons control status and location.
1. Coordinates with brigade NBC officer for —

(1) Current contaminated areas.

(2) Planned NBC targets.

(3) Smoke and obscurant employment.

m. Coordinates with brigade MP officer for current
condition and status of routes, traffic control measures, and
support to the reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and
target acquisition (RISTA) effort.

n. Coordinates with brigade ALO for —

(1) Timely in-flight reports.

(2) Latest weather updates.

(3) Current and planned air and ground engagement
areas.

^ V NA \r

Figure 12-6. Brigade IEWSE officer responsibilities (continued).

12-14

FM 34-2-1
""V V \A

2. Assists the brigade S2 in formulating the EW annex of the
brigade OPLAN and OPORD.

3. Serves as a critical liaison officer between MI battalion
and the maneuver brigade.

a. Keeps the MI battalion S3 informed of above data from
brigade staff.

b. Serves as functioning member of brigade orders group.

c. Provides copies of maps and overlays from brigade orders
group .

d. Monitors brigade O&I net and brigade command net for
latest developments.

e. Notifies MI battalion S3 in a timely manner of all
brigade developments and redeployments.

4. Keeps brigade commander and staff informed of latest
intelligence depicting the enemy situation:

a. Monitors tasking and reporting net for tactical reports.

b. Sanitizes tactical reports and passes combat information
to brigade commander and staff in 15 minutes or less from time
of receipt.

Figure 12-6. Brigade IEWSE officer responsibilities (continued).

12-15

FM 34-2-1

APPENDIX A

MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR
RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONS

This appendix contains the
following checklists, formats,
and reports used in planning
and supervising R&S missions.
NOTE : This appendix can be
reproduced ana used in the
field as a pocket guide.

Figure A-l. Example

of an intelligence estimate
in matrix format.

o
matrix.

Figure A-21 R&S tasking

Figure A-3|. Different
versions of the K&S tasking
matrix.

o
check

Figure A-4. R&S

1S1

NOTE : The purpose of the
R&S checklist is to make
sure complete coordination
is conducted for all R&S
operations.

plan format.

Figure A-5| . Collection

Figure A-6| IEW Asset

redeployment matrix.

o
sance

o
plan.

o
report

Figure A-7, Reconnais-

asset utilization matrix.
A patrol

Figure A-8

Figure A-9
format.

Patrol

o [Figure A-T0| . Hints
on debriefing patrols.

o Figure A-1J| . UbK
or REMBASS plan format.

GSR

Figure A-12
or REMbASS briefing
checklist.

Figure A-l!

collection asset

Standard
request

format (SCARF) basic format.

Mission

Figure A-14.

report format.

A-l

FM 34-2-1

AS OF CURRENT INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE

1. Weather: For period from

BMNT from to . EENT from

Sunrise . Sunset

Temp from

Winds: Speed from

knots. Direction

Night operations: Skies cloudy clear. % of moon ilium
Trafficability: Poor good excellent.
Precipitation: Snow rain sleet hail.

Maximum precipitation per month inches.

Average precipitation per month inches.

Terrain: From

Observation and fields of fire:

Concealment and cover:

Obstacles:

Key terrain

Decisive terrain:
Other key terrain:

Avenues of approach:

Other:

"\A

-\A-

Figure A-1. Example cf intelligence estimate in matrix format

A-2

■^nA

3 . Enemy in brigade sector
Map sheets:
Intelligence overlay:

AA-

FM 34-2-1

Committed forces:

Reinforcements :

Recent activities:

Strengths :

Weaknesses:

Enemy frontline trace:

Second line of defense:

Probable courses of action:

Enemy NBC:

Possible Probable
Next

Imminent
hours.

Figure A-1. Example of intelligence estimate in matrix format (continued).

A-3

FM 34-2-1

DTG-
(CLASSIFICATION) MISSION.

PRIORITY
(matches
PIR no)

NAI
(grid)

START
STOP

SIR

E and AT

COORDINATION

REPORTS

(CLASSIFICATION)

NOTE: A maneuver battalion S2 or S3 tasking subordinate units would change SIR to SOR.
S2s use this matrix to coordinate and manage the R&S effort.

Figure A-2. R&S tasking matrix.

A-4

FM 34-2-1

BRIGADE R&S TASKING MATRIX

UNIT

PRIORITY

NAI

LOCATION

REPORTING REQUIREMENT

REMARKS

TASKING

EVENT OR INDICATOR

BRIGADE OR BATTALION R&S TASKING MATRIX

PRIORITY

NAI

LOCATION

REPORTING REQUIREMENT

COLLECTION UNIT
OR ASSETS

REMARKS

EVENT OR INDICATOR

Figure A-3. Different versions of the R&S tasking matrix.

A-5

FM 34-2-1

I. Planning Process.

A. Initial Requirements:

1. Did higher headquarters provide tasking
requirements?

2. Was the commander's PIR and IR stated and included?

3 . Did the commander provide R&S intent?

A. Did the S2 brief the staff on enemy collection
capabilities?

5. Were other staff tasks performed?

B. SIR Developed (IPB Driven) :

1. Did S2 identify air or ground AAs?

2. Do situation and event templates reflect probable
or prioritized enemy COAs?

3. Was NAI developed in detail? (What is expected?
When? Where?)

4. Were collectable indicators at NAI developed?

5. Were SIR developed from NAI and indicators?

6. Were reporting requirements developed for priority
collection missions to allow the commander time to change plan?

C. Possible Collectors Analyzed:

1. Did S2 coordinate with staff, S2, and G2 to
identify all available collection assets?

2. Did S2 analyze asset capabilities to develop
collection requirements based on range to target, time
available, target characteristics, terrain, weather, enemy
(obscurants use) , and communication?

3. Did S2 analyze collection redundancy (is it
necessary) ?

"V ^ NA Y

Figure A-4. R&S checklist.

A-6

FM 34-2-1

-"V V \h — — \-

4. Did staff identify support requirements
(communication nets, retransmission, fire support, logistic
support, special equipment support)?

5. Did S2 identify gaps in collection?

6. Did S2 backbrief S3 or the commander on R&S
concept?

7. Were warning orders sent to appropriate assets?

8. What were timelines?

a. When was mission received?

b. What is NLT for execution?

c. When was templating done?

d. When was tentative plan made? Backbrief ed?

e. When were warning orders issued?

f . When was initial reporting needed?

g. Who was in charge of R&S planning?
h. Who was in charge of CR planning?

II. Preparation for R&S Operations.

A. Specific Collection Instructions:

1. What assets were available? Used?

a. Scouts.

b. GSR.

c. Patrols.

d. OPs/LPs.

e . FOs .

f . infantry,

-^V V s NA \*

Figure A-4. R&S checklist (continued).

A-7

FM 34-2-1

— V

— V v, A-

g. Armor.

h. AT.

i. Aviation.

j . Engineer.

k. Signal.

1. Cavalry.

m. EW.

n. MP.

0. Other.

2. Did the S2 provide detailed instructions to tasked
assets? Did the instructions include —

a. Who is tasked?

b. What to look for?

c. Why to look?

d. When to look?

e. Where to look?

f. What you could expect to see?
g. How to get there?

h. Who to coordinate with?

i. Passage of lines and recognition signals?

j . Reporting requirements?

k. Friendly assets in AO?

1 . Resupply?

m. Obstacles?

— ^ ^ ^ A

Figure A-4. R&S checklist (continued).

A-8

FM 34-2-1

— N/ V v^ \ :

n. MEDEVAC?

o. NBC hazards?

3. Was the collection location appropriate
(concealment, collectable) ?

4. Were there sufficient control measures included to
control assets during mission?

5. Did the S2 request assistance from higher
headquarters for identified collection gaps?

6. Did the R&S plan cover all collection requirements?

7. Were assets overtasked?

8. Was redundancy appropriate for this mission?
B . coordination :

1. What is format of plan (collection plan, overlay,
matrix. )?

2. Were direct or indirect fires or jamming
coordinated between staff and S2?

3. Was a CI vulnerability assessment made?

4. Was additional equipment (special) planned for?

5. Were communication nets established to meet
reporting needs?

6. Were commanders and staff briefed on plan before
execution?

7. Did commander or S3 approve final plan?

8. Did assets know specific requirements (PIR and IR) ?

9. Was plan disseminated to all involved or those with
a need to know (FRAGO, overlay)?

10. Was plan sent to higher headquarters?

^V V s \A -\r

Figure A-4. R&S checklist (continued).

A-9

FM 34-2-1

— 'V V \f, \<

C. Asset Internal Coordination:

1. Was equipment checked?

2. Were internal procedures clarified?

3 . Did coordination between assets occur?

4. Was mission rehearsed?

5. Was plan developed far enough in advance for assets
to prepare or rehearse?

6. Was plan developed in time for higher headquarters
to review?

III. Execution.

A. Continuity of R&S and CR Operations:

1. Did unit plan provide for operations when scout or
other R&S assets are inoperable?

2. Did unit SOP provide for operations during
briefings, debrief ings, or rehearsals?

3. Are units and leaders cross trained to facilitate
substitutions or replacement of scouts?

B. Asset and Unit Response:

1. Did assets depart and set up on time?

2. Did assets use concealment, cover, and camouflage?

3. Were assets able to observe enemy undetected?

4. Was low-level deception used?

5. What were meteorological report requirements?

6. Were enemy locations pinpointed?

7. Was objective reconnoitered?

^v Vx v^ V

Figure A-4. R&S checklist (continued). v

A-10

FM 34-2-1

^ V^ \A \j

8. Were obstacles identified and marked?

9. Were routes marked?

10. Was enemy reconnaissance located?

11. Were CR missions performed?

12. Did assets help with C2 during attack?

13. Did assets help direct or control fires?

14. Was terrain reconnoitered? (Trafficability
reported?)

C. Reporting:

1. Were reports timely, accurate, and concise?

2 . Were assets debriefed?

D. Results:

1. Did S2 plot asset reports (track results of plan)?

2. Did S2 identify inadequately tasked or unproductive
assets and change tasking (with approval of commander or S3)?

3 . Did reports or analysis answer PIR and IR?

4. Was R&S plan updated and recoordinated?

5. Were templates updated?

E . Dissemination :

1. Was commander briefed on answer to PIR?

2 . Has commander updated PIR?

3. Did units get intelligence based on priority?

4. Did higher headquarters get answers to taskings?

5. Did assets receive feedback on level of success?

Figure A-4. R&S checklist (continued).

A-ll

FM 34-2-1

3Q8 Wl NH

0C6 9Q0

K6 vao

J-30 IN N8 I

U U. K

K 2

O (0

fi;ii

Kill

111

g50|

* CM

a c

2 «

c 2

o
G

U tu

8 8

K i

III

NOTE: Normally used at division and above, however, it can be modified for use at the brigade or battalion.

Figure A-5. Collection plan format.

A-12

FM 34-2-1

ASSET POSITION 1 POSITION 2 POSITION 3 REMARKS

• FINAL CROSSING SITES(S).

• OPCON OR ATTACHMENT.

• FINAL OBJ COORDINATION.

• CHALLENGE AND PASSWORD.

• PHASE LINE TIMING.

Note: This matrix is filled in by the IEWSE officer. Other staff officers refer to this to find out
where the assets are deployed or where they will deploy.

Figure A-6. Redeployment matrix for IEW assets.

A-13

FM 34-2-1

SQUADRON or BATTALION:

Date:.

A check indicates asset
named was employed in
the listed task.

Tasks

Objective Locate enemy positions

Locate objective obstacles
Breach or mark obstacles
Establish objective OP
Direct fires
Assist C 2

Route Locate screen

Locate route obstacles
Breach or mark obstacles
Mark assault route
Mark Infiltration route
Establish route OP
Perform terrain reconnaissance
Determine trafficability
Provide timely communications

Other Reconnoiter beyond objective

Establish screen

Assets

NOTE: Taken from the Rand study. Can be used as a tool to ensure all available assets
are used in R&S operations.

Figure A-7. Reconnaissance asset utilization matrix.

A-14

FM 34-2-1

1. Patrol number.

2. Task organization and effective time.

3. Mission (PIR and IR included).

4. Start time.

5. Completion time.

6. Action upon enemy contact.

7. Action at obstacles.

8. Location of friendly minefields and barriers.

9 . Routes .

10. SP, RP, passage points , and checkpoints.

11. Fire support.

12. Organization and communication frequency for reporting

13. Actions upon completion of mission.

14 . Special instructions .

Figure A-8. Patrol plan.

A-15

FM 34-2-1

Patrol reports are prepared by the S2 section based on
information reported by the patrol during debriefing. All
pertinent information is included in the report to ensure
completeness. The report is then disseminated in accordance
with appropriate SOP.

(DESIGNATION OF PATROL)

TO:

MAPS :

A. Size and composition of patrol.

B. Mission.

C. Time of departure.

D. Time of return.

E. Routes out and back.

F. Terrain: (Description of the terrain: dry, swampy, jungle,
thickly wooded, high brush, rocky; deepness of ravines and
draws; condition of bridges as to type, size, and strength;
effect on armor and wheeled vehicles.)

G. Enemy: (Strength, disposition, condition of defense,
equipment, weapons, attitude, morale, exact location,
movements, and any shift in disposition; time activity was
observed; coordinates where activity occurred.)

H. Any map corrections.

I. (Not used. )

J. Miscellaneous information (including aspects of NBC

warfare) .

Results of encounters with enemy: (Enemy prisoners and

disposition, identifications, enemy casualties, captured

documents, and equipment.)
L. Condition of patrol (including disposition of any dead or

wounded) .
M. Conclusions and recommendations (include to what extent the

task was accomplished and recommendations as to patrol

equipment and tactics) .

Signature Rank Unit of Patrol Leader

N. Additional remarks by interrogator.

Signature Rank Unit of Interrogator Time

0. Distribution.

Figure A-9. Patrol report format.

A-16

FM 34-2-1

1. Make the subject comfortable.

2. Debrief orally.

3. Debrief as soon as possible.

4. Do not ask leading questions.

5. Make sure PIR and IR are given to the patrol before it goes
out.

6. Was intelligence accurate? If not, what were the
inaccuracies?

7. Was the map accurate? If not, what were the inaccuracies?

8. If aerial photos were used, was the imagery analysis
accurate?

9. What was the condition of trails? Did the trails show
signs of recent use?

10. Were rivers or streams crossed or followed?

11. What were stream and river conditions.

12. Give location of the following and were they in recent use?
o Bridges, by type.

o Fords.

o Roads, trails.

13 . Local contacts :

o Name of village, city, or town.

o Number, location.

o Were they friendly? Indifferent? Hostile?

o Was there any previous government contact?

o Have they moved recently? If so, why?

o Did they give any information?

"V/ \^ Vs \

Figure A-10. Hints on debriefing patrols.

A-17

FM 34-2-1

^ VA \A \

14. Enemy contacts:

o Where and when.

o Number, race, and sex?

o How were they dressed?

o Were they carrying packs? How were they armed?

o Activity? If moving, in what direction?

o Any equipment or documents recovered?

o Casualties (own and enemy)?

o Enemy casualties identified? Disposition of bodies?

o Any prisoners or crossovers?

o Any observed (detected) ground or airborne R&S or other
intelligence collection activity?

15. Camps:

o Where, when, and how was camp discovered?

o How sited? How many huts or buildings?

o What type? How long ago were they built?

o In use? Food dumps?

o Defenses constructed? Approach and escape routes?

o Weapons, ammunition, or tools?

o Signs of radios having been used?

o Electricity? Generators? Used batteries?

o Documents?

o Printing press? Copiers? Used carbon paper?

o What was done with the camp?

— ^ VA \a \j

Figure A-10. Hints on debriefing patrols (continued).

A-18

FM 34-2-1

-^ ^ ^ A^

16. Cultivated areas:

o Time, date, location of discovery?

o Size and shape?

o Was camouflage attempted?

o What crops?

o How old? Signs of harvesting?

o When last tended?

o Signs of habitation? Tools? Machinery?

o Trails in area?

o What was done to the cultivation?

Figure A-10. Hints on debriefing patrols (continued).

A-19

FM 34-2-1

1. Mission.

2. Time required to be operational.

3. Routes to GSR site or REMBASS emplacement areas.

4. Location of primary or alternate and subsequent GSR sites
and REMBASS strings and fields.

5. Left and right scan limits of GSRs in mils; point target
location.

6. Withdrawal routes to subsequent GSR sites.

7. Location of friendly minefields and barriers.

8. Action upon enemy contact.

9. Passage points and checkpoints.

10. Fire support planning.

11. Organization and communication frequency for reporting.

12 . Special instructions .

Figure A-11. GSR or REMBASS plan format.

A-20

FM 34-2-1

Friendly and enemy situation.

Mission.

Maps, photos, overlays.

Expected targets (type) .

Required reports.

Reporting procedures.

Communications .

Security.

Food service.

10.

Maintenance support.

11.

Sensor emplacement sites.

12.

Monitoring sites.

13.

Mission security implant.

14.

Proposed radar site locations.

15.

Surveillance sectors.

16.

Operation periods and schedules.

17.

MEDEVAC.

18.

Passage of lines.

Figure A-12. GSR or REMBASS briefing checklist.

A-21

FM 34-2-1

STANDARD COLLECTION ASSET
REQUEST FORMAT

Asset managers use the
standard collection asset
request format (SCARF) for
intelligence requirements
tasking and for requesting
information from higher or
adjacent headquarters. At
corps and division,
intelligence requirements
tasking is directed toward MI
commanders and commanders of
other elements of the combat
force capable of collecting the
information.

Intelligence requirements
tasking provides the selected

unit with a specific
requirement, but not with
specific instructions for
carrying out the mission. The
SCARF tells you-

o What information is
needed.

o Where to look for the
movers, shooters, sitters, and
emitters.

o When to look.

o When the information is
needed.

o What to look with (in
some cases).

A-22

FM 34-2-1

A. Requester number.

B. Originator priority.

C. Activity or target type (area emitter and size [point,
areas, or unit] ) .

D. BE number, ELINT notation or case.

E. Location (if known or last known).

F. Duration:

o Start date-time.

o Frequency.

o Stop date-time.

o Latest acceptable date-time for information utility.

G. Location accuracy:
o Required.

o Acceptable.
H. PIR and IR desired.
I . Justification.
J. Remarks (include disciplines and collectors recommended).

Figure A-13. SCARF basic format.

A-23

FM 34-2-1

JOINT TACTICAL AIR

RECONNAISSANCE AND

SURVEILLANCE REQUEST

FORM (DP Form 1975)

This form is used to
request a joint tactical air
reconnaissance or surveillance
mission. The form states
requirements, identifies needs,
and, occasionally, specifies
the actual air asset to perform
the mission.

Any echelon initiates the
request. It is used for both
immediate and preplanned
mission requirements. The
requestor completes section
1 of the request for each
specific mission. Normally,
these requests are transmitted
by electrical means. The
headquarters receiving the
request adds information
required to validate or
complete the request.
Obtain PP Form 1975 through
your SI.

MISSION REPORT

Air units include strike or
attack, reconnaissance or
surveillance, airlift,
observation, and helicopter.
Air units use the mission
report to report the results of
all missions and significant
sightings along the route of
the flight.

The mission report
amplifies the inflight report
and is normally submitted
within 30 minutes after
aircraft landing to--

o The tasking agency.

o The requesting unit or
agency.

o Other interested
organizations.

When the EW air task or
mission is completed,
intelligence personnel conduct
a briefing and submit a mission
report.

A-24

FM 34-2-1

HEADING

PRECEDENCE

ORIGINATING AGENCY

ACTION ADDRESSEES

INFORMATION ADDRESSEES

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION/CODE

MISSION REPORT ( Number ! DATE-TIME GROUP

BODY

1. AIR TASK/MISSION NUMBER OR NICKNAME . Reference the request
number, FRAGO number, or directive causing initiation of the
mission.

2. LOCATION IDENTIFIER . Target number, line number, approved
target designator/identifier, or coordinates of the target or
sighting being reported.

3. TIME ON TARGET/TIME OF sighting . Report all times by
date-time group, using ZULU time unless otherwise directed.

4. RESULTS /sighting i nformation . This item should contain the
pilot and aircrew evaluation of expected results (for example,
percent destroyed, number and type destroyed, or percent of
coverage) . It should contain concise narrative information on
significant sightings (for example, unusual or new enemy
equipment or concentrations of enemy forces observed to include
number, speed, and direction [if applicable]).

5. REMARKS . Includes information not specifically mentioned in
above items (for example, enemy defenses encountered? weather
data; hostile meaconing, intrusion, jamming, and interference
attempts) .

Figure A-14. Mission report format.

A-25

FM 34-2-1

APPENDIX B

EXAMPLE OF THE RECONNAISSANCE
AND SURVEILLANCE PROCESS

The objective of R&S
planning is the collection of
information the commander needs
in order to fight and win the
battle. Planning results in
the coordinated efforts of all
intelligence resources
integrated into one collection
effort.

PLANNING PROCESS

The planning process
includes--

o Determining requirements.

o Assigning priorities.

o Allocating the resources
to satisfy each requirement.

This appendix will assist
commanders and staffs in
understanding the process used
to develop, implement, and
execute an R&S operation.

The process described in
this appendix is a deliberate
one which can be used when
sufficient time is available.
In a hasty planning process,
the procedures can be
modified. Most of the products
described here will not be done
formally; but the steps
involved should still be
applied mentally.

MANEUVER BRIGADE SCENARIO

The following is the
scenario for a maneuver brigade
in a high-intensity conflict.

COL Link Gayagas,
Commander, 1st Brigade, 52d
Infantry Division (Mech), had
just received the divisions
OPORD. Based on the division
commanders concept of
operations and intent, COL
Gayagas knew his brigade was in
for a hard time in
accomplishing the mission. The
brigacTets mission is to conduct
a supporting attack in the
southern zone of the division's
AO.

The brigade is to seize
defensible terrain. This will
allow the division to prepare
for a defense and destroy a
reinforcing combined arms Army
soon to be committed. To
support the division's main
attack, the division commander
wants the brigade to draw the
commitment of the 41st guards
motorized rifle division's
(GMRD) reserve, the 35th tank
regiment (TR), into the
brigadets zone. The 35th TR is
the only threat to any major
drive by the 52d Infantry
Division to the north.

B-l

FM 34-2-1

While still at the division
OPORD briefing, COL Gayagas
took advantage of a short break
to instruct the brigade S3, MAJ
Booth, to call the origade TOC
and give them a warning order
for the upcoming mission. MAI
Booth provided the brigade TOC
with the type mission,
boundaries, and the brigade's
objective, as assigned by
higher headquarters. This was
to allow the staff to begin
work on the mission,
particularly the S2 who needed
the additional time to develop
the intelligence products to
support the brigade's IPB
process.

MAJ Baker, the brigade's
S2, immediately began to
orchestrate the intelligence
system to support the upcoming
mission. He directed SGT
Hockins, the section
intelligence analyst, to
develop an MCOO of the AO; and,
for initial planning purpose,
to include in the MCOD the
analysis of the AI extending 5
kilometers to the flanks and 10
kilometers forward of the AO.
MAJ Baker also directed his
assistant, CPT Roberts, to call
the G2 shop or division
operations and intelligence
(O&I) and get as much
information as possible on the
enemy situation.

By the time the brigade
commander returned from the
division OPORD meeting, MAJ

Baker had developed a good idea
of the enemy situation; and
since he understood the
informational requirements
associated with the type
mission assigned, he was ready
to support the brigadets
decision-making process.

BRIGADE PLANNING

The brigadets planning
staff was assembled quickly
upon the return of the
commander. COL Gayagas
provided all the information he
had that was not published in
the OPORD. He also provided
the higher commander's intent
and guidance, insights, and
concerns, along witn some
available options.

COL Gayagas was
particularly concerned about
the brigade's ability to create
a situation which would force
the enemy motorized rifle
division 5 (MRD) commander to
commit his reserve into his
brigade sector. He knew he had
to find an enemy weakness and
exploit it quickly; to do that,
he needed detailed information
on the enemy disposition. COL
Gayagas gave MAJ Baker the PIR:

1. What is the 15th guards
motorized rifle regiment (GMRR)
defensive disposition?

2. Is there a weakness in
the 15th GMRR defensive
disposition? If so, where?

B-2

FM 34-2-1

3. Where are the artillery
battalions comprising the 15th
GMRR regimental artillery
group?

4. Will the 41st GMRD
commander direct any of his
gunships against 1st Brigade?
If so, when?

5. Where and when will the
35th TR be committed?

6. Will the enemy employ
chemical munitions against 1st
Brigade? If so, when and
where?

COL Gayagas provided his
planning guidance, stressing
his PIR. He left his second
in command, LTC Larcom, to
initiate the planning process
and coordinate those staff
actions requiring operating
system integration. LTC Larcom
provided each staff element
with its corresponding portion
of the division OPORD.

He informed the staff they
had two hours to go through
the mission analysis process
in their respective area of
responsibility and to be back
at the end of those two hours
to review the results of their
analysis.

S2 ANALYSIS PROCESS

With the commanders PIR
in hand, MAJ Baker began to
develop the products needed
to support the accomplishment
of the mission. When MAJ Baker
arrived at his 577, CPT Roberts
and SGT Hockings were refining
the initial situational

template. They were comparing
their product to the OB
holdings on the enemy unit
facing 1st Brigade. MAT Baker
informed CPT Roberts he had
received the division's
intelligence products and
commander's rlR and needed him
to assist in the mission
analysis process.

They both understood the
higher commanders intent and
knew the informational
requirements associated with
the offensive operation beine
conducted by the brigade. They
completed the mission analysis
process as it pertained to the
intelligence system. MAJ Baker
was about to leave to meet with
the orders group to present the
result of his analysis. He
took with him the MCOO and the
enemy sit uation template.
Figure B-H shows an MRR
situation template (based on a
prepared defense). He
instructed CPT Roberts to start
developing the brigade R&S
plan.

CPT Roberts began his
efforts by analyzing the
commander's PIK. Using the
enemy situation template, CPT
Roberts took the PIR and began
to associate them with
indicators of enemy COAs. At
the same time, he identified
those PIR which could be
satisfied with organic,
assigned, or attached
collection assets; and those
PIR for which he would have to
submit an RII to higher
headquarters. The PIR analysis
conducted by CPT Roberts
reflected:

B-3

FM 34-2-1

Figure B-1. MRR situation template based on a prepared defense.

B-4

FM 34-2-1

PIR: What is the 15th GMRR
defensive disposition?

INDICATOR:

3 x MRCs with a total
of 8 to 10 BMP-2's, and
2 to 3 T-64B'sper MRC,
all in prepared
fighting position or in
assembly area.

Main obstacle array
from 800 meters to
1,000 meters forward of
the MRC prepared
fighting positions.

8 to 12 T-64B's in an
assembly area.

2 to 3 BMP-2's forward
1 to 3 kilometers of
main defensive position
with possible
protective type
obstacle.

1 BMP-2 or BMP-1 BRDM
forward and isolated
from any additional
forces.

5 to 7 BRDM-2 f s,
mounting 5 AT-5
Spandrel AT guided
missiles in assembly
area, possible mine
layer with 1 BTR
included.

PIR : Is there a weakness
in the 15th GMRR defensive
disposition? If SO, where?

INDICATOR:

- Distance between MRCs
greater than 2,000 meters.

- No impeding type
obstacle within the main AA.

- Location of tanks
within MRC positions.

- No tanks with second
echelon forces.

Location of MRR

reserve.

PIR: Where are the
artillery battalions comprising
the 15th GMRR regimental
artillery group? This PIR will
also serve as an RII to higher
headquarters and will
facilitate the integration of
ECM support by the IEWSE
officer to support the scheme
of maneuver.

INDICATOR: 3 x 5 t o 8
2Sl's or 2S3's on line, located
off a major A A or MC.

PIR: Will the 41st GMRD
commander direct any of their
gunships against 1st brigade?
If so, where? This PIR will
serve as an RII to higher
headquarters.

PIR : Where and when will
the 35th TR be committed
against 1st brigade? This PIR
will also serve as an RII to
higher headquarters for initial
acquisition and tracking.

INDICATOR: 60 to 70
T-64B's moving southeast from
NAI 90 to NAT 16 and NAI 18.

PIR : Will the enemy use

chemical munitions against 1st

brigade? If so, when? This

PlK will serve as an RII to

B-5

FM 34-2-1

higher headquarters for initial
indication of intent to employ.

INDICATOR:

- Break off activities
of enemy forces in contact.

- Enemy troops wearing
protective overgarment.

DEVELOPMENT OF SITUATION
TEMPLATE AND EVENT TEMPLATE

Concurrently with the
development of the indicators,
CPT Roberts began to identify
NAI that, when defined by the
indicators, would form tne
basis and focus of the brigade
R&S efforts. CPT Roberts'
event analysis process was
developed to ascertain the
defensive COA as it relates to
the reconnaissance and security
echelon and the 2d echelon
motorized rifle battalion (MRB)
and MRR reserve. This is
outlined in the brigade SOP.
The first echelon MRBs
defensive COA was given to the
task forces to develop, as
assisted by the brigade S2's
enemy situation t emplate and
event template. |Figure B-2

shows an event template.

Figure B-3| is a combined
situation template and event
template.

SPECIFIC R&S GUIDANCE

When MAJ Baker returned
from the meeting he had the
tentative brigade plan to
accomplish the mission. He
informed CPT Roberts of the
brigade's scheme of maneuver
and provided him additional R&S
instructions based on the

commander's concept of
operations. COL Gayagas wanted
a good reconnaissance of Axis
Speed and Axis Kill (Annex A of
the OPORD); and he wanted two
OPs established: one
overmatching OBJECTIVE CAT and
the other OBJECTIVE DOG.

MAJ Baker told CPT Roberts
that since he now knew the
brigadets scheme of maneuver,
he had sufficient information
to assign specific
informational requirements to
subordinates and attached units
and complete the brigade R&S
plan. CPT Roberts was also to
develop the R&S tasking matrix,
which is the tool used to
disseminate R&S taskings to
subordinate and attached
units. He is to have the
matrix ready within the hour so
MAJ Baker could pass it through
COL Gayagas for his approval
and MAJ Booth for coordination.

The following samples are
the results of the brigade's
mission analysis and
decision-making process to
develop the R&S plan. The
sample is given along with the
figure number assigned to it.

Figure B-4j Sample

warning order.

Figure B-5.1 Sample

OPORD.

A to OPORD 1-XX.

Figure B-6.

B to OPU

Figure B-7,

gure

SsdT.

XX.

Sample Annex
Sample Annex

Figure B-8J A sample
Appendix 3 to Annex B to OPORD

B-6

FM 34-2-1

pi!

111!!

HI:

fe { v1 :: ^

Hi!

!.--i:' ! i i: 'i-!-i=i

IIIIIH

liiiiil*::i!i!!fiiiil!

Sllllllllllll

iill
i ! ; i|ll i"

: ^C0{0^ : :^-^- ::: ^^0^

• " ',."' i '' ■

:ii:i:;-:::; : :;; ; ; ; : •;s; :: ;:::;:::: :: :: i;..,.;!::::^^^!:, =.v:. : : :.V=: =- i: ::j : IH- : : :-= : - :=:-.- "•= '•' ; ••••*

lllllllllllllllllllll^

iilliliiillllilill

!;=::i;;;=;;::i;:- "^ii^iii-ii ■=:;••

!i ! f:-' : '= :=.:!!;: J^;!:"

; : -'" : " ■■■■. •

: .v:O : :0i -

iii^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

liiilillllllllill ! I ;. iiiii

IllllllllllSlllllllllllllllllllllSllllil

ilillllilliiiiiiili

;!i-: :i! =!-?|>;; : !

ill

|:!;; : C, '.•'•:!!■•■■:.:■ :■•.•

=:• ,.:•=••■•:;!:•• • : :.- : = .•!==/ ••=::• ^--^v
,.w.:.:.s.x.:. : .:.:. ! .:. iI Ji!l!i|i|!|!!i!lil!!H!!i!j!!!j!!!iij!

•■ . :^:=:: . ; : /' : .": : ::= :l;; :: =:; : i;hiH^ =|jj!!;i=!!-=ii-:=j)!i:i : "V

*^ -

lllllliltlllll
llillllllllllllllll

■MM

isiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Figure B-2. Modified event template based on MRR situation template. 84

B-7

FM 34-2-1

Figure B-3. Situation template and event template combined
to form the foundation for the R&S plan.

B-8

FM 34-2-1

WARNING ORDER

TO: Orders Group ALPHA

FROM: Commander, 1st Brigade

ZULU Time = UNIFORM + 7

SITUATION : The 41st GMRD is defending in prepared positions

from AB448098 to AB362456. The 41st GMRD has not established a
security zone; expect subordinate MRRs to establish combat
security outposts.

ATTACHMENTS AND DETACHMENTS : Team l/l/2/B/104th MI OPCON to TF

1-10 (Mech) ; Team 2/l/2/B/104th MI OPCON to TF 1=12 (Mech)
effective 310500Z Aug XX.

EARLIEST TIME OF MOVE : Main body movement from assembly area

will be NET 012300Z Sep XX. Order of movement will be
designated at OPORD.

NATURE AND TIME OF OPERATIONS : Brigade, 52d Infantry Division

(Mech) destroys enemy in zone (012245Z Sep XX) to force the
commitment of the 41st GMRD reserve in 1st Brigade Zone. On
order, seize OBJ Watch (AB2635) to facilitate the advance of
follow-on forces. R&S activities will commence NLT 311701Z Aug
XX.

TIME AND PLACE OPORD ISSUANCE : 1st Brigade OPORD will be issued

at brigade TOC vicinity AB621180 at 310700Z Aug XX. Orders
group ALPHA will attend.

Acknowledge.

Figure B-4. Sample warning order.

B-9

FM 34-2-1

Copy of Copies

1st Bde, 52d ID (M)
(Location)
310700Z Aug XX

OPORD 1-XX

Reference : Omitted

Time Zone Used Throughout Order: ZULU (UNIFORM + 7).

Task Organization: Omitted

1. SITUATION.

a. Enemy Forces: Annex B (Intelligence) .

b. Friendly Forces:

(1) 52d ID (Mech). Attacks to destroy the 41st GMRD
and seize defensible terrain from AB255385 to AB145135 NLT
012245Z Sep XX. On order, defend in sector to destroy the 9th
CAA. The Div Cdr intent is to force the commitment of the 41st
GMRD reserve into 1st Brigade Zone to allow the division main
effort in the north to quickly penetrate deep into the MRD
sector and rapidly destroy the enemy; and allow the Div more
time to prepare the defense to destroy the 9th CAA.

(2) 2d Brigade. Division main effort in the north....

(3) 3d Brigade. Follow and support 2d Brigade....

2. MISSION.

1st Brigade, 52d ID (Mech) attacks 012245Z Sep XX to seize
OBJ CAT (AB4014) and OBJ DOG (AB4011) to destroy enemy in zone
and force the commitment of 41st GMRD reserve into 1st Brigade
Zone. On order, continue the attack west to seize OBJ WATCH
(AB2 635) . Be prepared to conduct a hasty defense on OBJ CAT and
DOG to destroy the 41st GMRD's counterattack.

3. EXECUTION.

a. Concept of Operations. Annex A of the OPORD. I see
this as a multiphase operation. First, the reconnaissance
phase: I want an aggressive R&S effort conducted to ascertain
the disposition of the 15th GMRR. I want to find their

■^ V v^ V

Figure B-5. Sample OPORD.

B-10

FM 34-21

-^^ v^ \a ^H

obstacles, to be able to take advantage of any weaknesses and
avoid his strength, I need R&S assets deep to track the 41st
GMRD reserve (the 35th TR, counterattack force) once it is
committed in my zone. The second phase is from the LD to the
objectives (CAT and DOG) . TF 1-10 will be the main attack on
Axis Speed; TF 1-12 will conduct the supporting attack in zone.
TF 3-68 will be the Bde reserve. I want TF 1-12 to cross the LD
at 012245Z Sep XX and the rest of the Bde crossing 15 minutes
later. TF 1-12 will draw the 15th GMRR reserve to counterattack
into its zone to facilitate TF 1-10 efforts to unhinge the enemy
defense from the north quickly. We will clear enemy in zone; no
enemy force platoon size or larger will be bypassed. I will
interdict enemy disposition with the fire support assets then
destroy them with overwhelming combat power. We cannot allow
the enemy to slow our attack. The third phase will be the
destruction of the 41st GMRD reserve. Once TF 1-10 and TF 1-12
seize OBJ CAT and DOG, and the 41st GMRD initiates its
counterattack, TF 3-68 will pass through TF 1-10 and
counterattack into the flank of the 41st GMRD reserve and
destroy the enemy. The last phase is to continue the attack
west to facilitate the Bde's follow-on defensive mission.

(1) Maneuver. 1st Brigade conducts this mission in
four phases.

(a) Phase 1: Reconnaissance and surveillance.

(b) Phase 2: TF 1-10, initial main effort;
attacks on Axis Speed at 072300Z Sep XX to seize OBJ CAT
(AB4014), to destroy enemy in defensive position; occupies
Attack Position #1 NLT 012200Z Sep XX; LD is PL Space. TF 3-68
follows TF 1-10 as the Bde reserve. TF 1-12 occupies Attack
Position #2 NLT 012200Z Sep XX, conducts supporting attack at
012245Z Sep XX, to destroy enemy in zone and seize OBJ DOG, in
an effort to force the commitment of the 15th GMRR reserve into
OBJ DOG (AB4011) to support TF 1-10 attack on OBJ DOG.

(c) Phase 3: On order, TF 3-68 becomes the main
effort and counterattacks on Axis Kill to destroy 41st GMRD
reserve (35th TK Regt (-) ) ; TF 1-10 suppprts TF 3-68 by fire, to
fix enemy in engagement area RED (AB395165) . TF 1-12, be
prepared to support TF 3-68 and TF 1-10; on order, TF 1-12
becomes the Bde reserve.

(d) Phase 4: 1st Bde conducts a deliberate
defense on OBJ WATCH NLT 022400Z Sep XX, 1st Bde defends in
sector with two TFs abreast — TF 1-10 (North) and TF 1-12
(South) — and TF 3-68 in reserve.

1 ^ \sA \j\ \j

Figure B-5. Sample OPORD (continued).

B-ll

FM 34-2-1

^ V^ \A \j

(2) Fires. See Annex — (omitted)

(3) Obstacles, Mines, and Fortification. See
Annex — Omitted

(4) IEW. I want an aggressive R&S effort. My first
requirement is to have a good description of tlie enemy's
offensive posture and find out if he is deploying any security
forces forward. The S2 will coordinate and supervise the
effort. The S3 will integrate my EW requirements through the
IEWSE. I want EW support in locating the 41st GMRD, and 15th
GMRR reserves. I want jamming support directed against the 15th
GMRR artillery resource and integrated into the Bde's scheme of
maneuver to support our movement onto the OBJs. Additionally, I
need jamming support directed against C J nodes between the MRB
in the south and the 15th GMRR. This will support their belief
that my main effort will be in the south.

b. Subordinate Units Subparagraphs.

(1) Combat Arms Unit. Omitted

(2) Fire Support. Omitted

(3) Air Defense, Aviation, Engineer, MI. Omitted

(4) Reserve. Omitted

(5) Coordinating Instruction.

(a) PIR Phase 1:

1 What is the 15th GMRR defensive disposition
and obstacle array?

2 What is the identification and location of
the artillery battalions comprising the 15th GMRR regimental
artillery group?

3 Where is the 15th GMRR reserve located?

(b) PIR Phase 2:

1 What is the identification and location of
the artillery battalions comprising the 15th GMRR regimental
artillery group?

— \/ \^ v, \

Figure B-5. Sample OPORD (continued).

B-12

FM 34-2-1

— xy Va v< \

2 Where and when is the 15th GMRR reserve
being committed?

3 Where is the 35th TR located?

4 Will the enemy employ chemical munitions
against 1st Bde? If so, when?

1 Where and when is the 35th TR being
committed?

2 Will the enemy employ any of their gun
ships against 1st Bde? If so, when?

3 Will the enemy employ chemical munitions
against 1 Bde? If so, when?

(d) TF's R&S plans: Required at Brigade by
311400Z Sep XX.

4. SERVICE SUPPORT. Omitted

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL. Omitted

Acknowledge.

GAYAGAS
COL

OFFICIAL

(SIGNED)
S3

Annexes: A - Operations Overlay.
B - Intelligence:

APP 1 — Enemy Situation Overla y ( Figure B-l|)

APP 2 — Event and R&S Overlay d Figure B-2| ) .
APP 3 — R&S Tasking Matrix.

Figure B-5. Sample OPORD (continued).

B-13

FM 34-2-1

Figure B-6. Sample Annex A to OPORD 1-XX.

B-14

FM 34-2-1

ANNEX B (INTELLIGENCE) TO 1st BDE OPORD 1-XX

Reference: Basic OPORD.

1. SUMMARY OF ENEMY SITUATION.

a. Enemy Situation (See Appendix 1, Enemy Situation
Overlay) .

(1) Composition or Disposition. Elements of the 41st
GMRD are in prepared defensive position from AB373856 to
AB448098. 41st GMRD is part of the 8th CAA's second defensive
echelon. The 41st GMRD is dispositioned with 3 MRRs (15 G, 37
G, and 60 G) on line and the 35th TR, as the reserve. Committed
forces against 1st Bde are shown on Appendix 1. Reinforcement
is limited to the 35th TR. Known location for 41st GMRD's
artillery battalions are 15th GMRR at AB3812; 37th GMRR at
AB3720; and 60th GMRR at AB3635. The 37th TR artillery
battalion is currently in support of the 41st GMRD DAG.

(2) Strength. 41st GMRD elements are presently at 60
to 70 percent strength in equipment and personnel, 41st GMRD's
reconnaissance is believed to be at less than 50 percent.

(3) Enemy Capabilities. 41th GMRD and the 8th CAA are
not capable of resuming offensive operations. The 385th Fighter
Bomber Regiment of the 37th TAA can fly 1 to 2 sorties of MIG 27
Flogger Ds or SU-25 Frogfoot, in support of the 8th CAA. The
41st GMRD has the capability of employing 2 battalions of 122 mm
(2S1) , 2 battalions of 152 mm (2S3) , and 3 batteries of 120 mm
mortars against 1st Bde. Nuclear and biological attacks are
possible, but not likely. The enemy has used persistent and
nonpersistent chemical agents previously, and is likely to do so
again. The 41st GMRD has the capability to counterattack with
the 37th TR to blunt 52d ID (Mech) attack. Units at all levels
should expect local counterattacks.

(4) Most Probable Course of Action. The 41st GMRD will
continue to defend to allow the 9th CAA sufficient time to
deploy and assume offensive operations. The 15th GMRR defending
within the 1st Brigade zone of attack will defend with 2 MRBs in
the first echelon and 1 MRB in the second echelon. The TB has
been broken up to reinforce the first echelon MRBs. The 15th
GMRR reserve (counterattack force) consists of the TB HQs and
one TK Company. The AT Missile (AT-5) Battery will be used as a

"N/ V^ \A V

Figure B-7. Sample annex B to OPORD 1-XX.

B-15

FM 34-2-1
— ^ ^ NTS \

mobile reserve, with the possibility of one of its platoons sent
to reinforce one of the first echelon MRBs. Although, there is
no MRD-level security zone, expect combat security outposts
forward of each first echelon MRB. Expect enemy artillery fire
to commence as soon as the brigade moves across the LD. Enemy
will use nonpersistent chemical munitions mixed in with their
initial artillery fires, to slow and disrupt the brigade
movement. Enemy use and intent for their obstacles will be to
channelize the Bde and impede our movement within their
established kill zones and fire sacks.

2. INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS.

a. PIR: see Coordinating Instruction, basic order.

b. IR:

(1) Has the 15th GMRR deployed combat security
outposts? If so, where and what size?

(2) Where is the 15th GMRR and AT missile battery?

(3) Where are the 15th GMRR obstacles?

3. INTELLIGENCE ACQUISITION TASKS.

a. Subordinate and Attached Units: See Appendix 3.

b. Request to Higher, Adjacent, and Cooperating Units:

(1) Will the 41st GMRD employ NBC attacks?

(2) What enemy REC locations are in 1st Brigade zone?

(3) When will the 37th TR be committed in 1st Brigade

zone?

4. MEASURES FOR HANDLING PERSONNEL, DOCUMENTS, AND MATERIALS.

5. DOCUMENTS AND/OR EQUIPMENT REQUIRED. Omitted.

6. CI AND OPSEC. Commanders will emphasize dispersion,
camouflage, noise and light discipline, and COMSEC.

^ v^

-A* V

Figure B-7. Sample Annex B to OPORD 1-XX (continued).

B-16

FM 34-2-1
— X/ V s V< \

7. REPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION. Subordinate Units R&S Plans -
submit NLT311400Z Aug XX.

8. MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTION. Omitted.
APPENDIXES :

1 - Enemy Situation Overlay

2 - Event and R&S Overlay

3 - R&S Tasking Matrix

Figure B-7. Sample Annex B to OPORD 1-XX (continued).

B-17

FM 34-2-1

(CLASSIFICATION)

R&S TASKING MATRIX

UNIT
TASKING

TASK FORCE
1-10

1. Recon Axis
Speed.

2. Establish OP.

3. Recon.

PRI-
ORITY

4. Recon

5. Recon

6. Recon

"\A

NAI

LOCATION

See R&S
overlay

AB427185

AB410150

REPORTING REQUIREMENT

EVENT AND INDICATOR

61A

AB400163

AB390133

AB390150

Conditions that affect trafficability and
maneuverability. Obstacle type, size,
and orientation.

Surveillance of activities on OBJ CAT.

3 MRP's with 8 to 10 x BMP-2s, in
prepared fighting positions:
Obstacle array 800 to 1,000 m forward
ofMRC position.

Alternate position for MRC at NAi 8.

3 MRPs with 8 to 10 x BMP2s,
prepared fighting positions: Obstacle
array 800 to 1000m forward of MRC
position.

8 to 12 x T64B's in assembly area.

REMARKS

Report as obtained.

Establish position NLT
311900 AUG XX.

Report all occupied or
unoccupied fighting
positions. Obstacles:
report type, size, and
orientation NLT
010200Z Sep XX.

A<A

(CLASSIFICATION)

A/V

Report all occupied or
unoccupied fighting
positions. Obstacles:
report type, size, and
orientation NLT
010200Z Sep XX.

Possible MRR reserve.
Report NLT010200Z
Sep XX.

Figure B-8. Sample Appendix 3 to Appendix B to OPORD 1-XX

B-18

FM 34-2-1

-^>-

AA-

(CLASSIFICATION)

R&S TASKING MATRIX

UNIT

TASKING

PRI-
ORITY!

NAI

LOCATION

REPORTING REQUIREMENT

EVENT AND INDICATOR

REMARKS

TASK FORCE
1-12

1. Recon.

2. Establish OP.

3. Recon.

4. Recon.

5. Recon.

TASK FORCE
3-60

Establish flank
screen oriented
north, northwest.

AB501098

AB416099

AB408105

1 BRDM or 1 BMP-2.

Surveillance of activities on OBJ DOG.

3 MRP's with 8 to 10 EMP-2s, in prepar-
ed fighting positions: Obstacle array
800 to 1 ,000 m forward or MRC position,

MRR recon company
element. Report as
obtained.

Establish positions NLT
311900 2 Aug XX.

Report all occupied or
unoccupied fighting
positions. Obstacles:
report type, size, and
orientation NLT
010200Z Sep XX.

62A

AB384098

AB379118

Alternate positions for MRC at NAI 8.

3 batteries with 4 to 6 2S1 x 2S3s
on line, located off a major avenue of
approach or MO

Report all positions NLT
010200Z Sep XX.

AB360160

to
AB413370

60 to 70 x T64B's moving southeast
from NAI 16 (AB380192) and NAI 18
(AD362184) heading towards NA1 10
(AB370162) or NAI 20 (AB360125).

(CLASSIFICATION)

Coordinate passage or
flank screen element
with TF 1-10.
Establish screen NLT
OHOOOZSepXX.

Figure B-8. Sample Appendix 3 to Annex B to OPORD 1-XX (continued).

B-19

FM 34-2-1

GLOSSARY

AA avenue of approach

AAA antiaircraft artillery

ACR armored cavalry regiment

ACRV a type Soviet equipment

ADA air defense artillery

AE aerial exploitation

AF Air Force

AI area of interest

ALO air liaison officer

AM amplitude modulated

ammo ammunition

AO area of operations

APC armored personnel carrier

approx approximately

arty artillery

ASC armored scout car

ASPS all-source production section

AT antitank

attn attention

AVLB armored vehicle launched bridge

avn aviation

AZ Arizona

BAE battlefield area evaluation

bde brigade

BE basic encyclopedia

bide building

BLUFOR Blue Force (US)

BMNT beginning of morning nautical twilight

BMP a type of Soviet personnel carrier

bn battalion

BOS battlefield operating systems

BRDM a type of Soviet equipment

BRM a type of Soviet equipment

BTR a type of Soviet equipment

CAA combined arms army

r 2 command and control

^ command, control, and communications

C 3 CM command, control, and communications

countermeasures
C&J collection and jamming

CANE Combined Arms in a Nuclear /Chemical

Environment
CAS close air support

cdr commander

C-E Communications-Electronics

Glossary-1

FM 34-2-1

CESO
them
CI

CM&D
C/MOB

COA

Coil

Comm

COMSEC

con

counter-

reconnaissance-

CPT

CSS

CUCV

DAG

decon

def

det

DIA

dist

div

DIVARTY

DST

DTG

ECCM

ECM

EENT

ELINT

engr

EPB

EPW

ESM

communications-electronic staff officer

chemical

counterintelligence

collection management and dissemination

countermobility

company

course of action

collection

communication

communications security

contact

all measures taken to prevent hostile
observation of a force, area, or place (DOD)
command post

captain

counterreconnaissance

combat service support

commercial utility cargo vehicle

Department of the Army

division artillery group (Soviet)

District of Columbia

Department of Defense

decontamination

defense /defensive

detachment

direction finding

Defense Intelligence Agency

distribution

division

division artillery

direct support

decision support template

date-time group

drop zone

east

electronic counter-countermeasures

electronic counter measures

end of evening nautical twilight

electronic intelligence

engineer

electronic preparation of the battlefield

enemy prisoner of war

electronic warfare support measures

electronic warfare

Glossary-2

FM 34-2-1

FAAR

FASCAM

FEBA

FIST

FISTV

577

FLOT

fit

FRAGO

FSE

FSO

fwd

GMRD
GMRR

GSR

HHOC

HMMWV
HPT

HUMINT
HVT

I&S
ID
IEW
IEWSE

IFF

ilium

MINT

intcp

intel

IPB

ITB

ITR

forward area alerting radar

family of scatterable mines

forward edge of the battle area

fire support team

FIST vehicle

tracked operations vehicle (heavy division)

forward line of own troops

flight

(with number) field manual

frequency modulated

forward observer

fragmentary order

fire support element

fire support officer

forward

Assistant Chief of Staff (Intelligence)

guards motorized rifle division

guards motorized rifle regiment

group

general support

ground surveillance radar

the time hostilities commence

high frequency

Headquarters, headquarters and operations

company

high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle

high payoff target

headquarters

hour

human intelligence

high value targets

intelligence and surveillance

infantry division /identification

intelligence and electronic warfare

intelligence and electronic warfare support

element

identification, friend or foe (radar)

illumination

imagery intelligence

intercept

intelligence

intelligence preparation of the battlefield

information requirements

independent tank battalion

independent tank regiment

Glossary-3

FM 34-2-1

JAAT
JTCG

km
km/h

lbs

LIC

LOA

LOC

LOEA

LOS

LOB

mae
MAJ

M/CM/S

MCOO

mech

MEDEVAC

METL

METT-T

MI
MIJI

min

MOPP

MRB

MRC

MRD

MRP

MRR

MSR

MTLB

NAI

NATO

NBC

NET

Joint Air Attack Team
Joint Test Command Group

kilometer
kilometers per hour

pounds

line of contact

line of departure

low -in tensity conflict

limit of advance

lines of communications

limit of enemy advance

line of sight

listening post

line of oearing

mechanized

meter

magnetic

major

mobility corridor

mobility, countermobility, and survivability

modified combined obstacles overlay

mechanized

medical evacuation

mission essential task list

mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time

available

Military Intelligence

meaconmg, intrusion, jamming, and

interference

minute

mission-oriented

Military Police

motorized rifle

motorized rifle battalion

motorized rifle company

motorized rifle division

motorized rifle platoon

motorized rifle regiment

main supply route

a type Soviet equipment

north

named areas of interest

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

nuclear, biological, and chemical

not earlier than

protection posture

Glossary-4

FM 34-2-1

NLT
no
NOD
noncomm

NVG

obj

O&I

OMG

OPCON

OPFOR

OPLAN

OPORD

OPSEC

PIR

pit

MCS

■OL
poss
POV
prep
prob

R&S

RAC

REC

recon

REMBASS

reconnaissance--

regt
retrans
RII
RISTA

Rkh

not later than

number

night observation device

noncommunications

night vision

night vision goggles

order of battle
objective

operations and intelligence
operational maneuver group
observation post
operational control
opposing force
operations plan
operations order
operations security

priority intelligence requirements

phase line

platoon

preventive maintenance checks and services

preventive maintenance inspections

petroleum, oils, and lubricants

possible

privately owned vehicle

prepare

probable

reconnaissance and surveillance

reconnaissance assault company

Reserve Components

radio electronic combat

reconnaissance

Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System

A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual
observation or other detection methods,
information about the activities and
resources of an enemy or potential enemy;
or to secure data concerning the
meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic
characteristics of a particular area. (DOD,
NATO)

regiment

retransmission

request for intelligence information

reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance

and target acquisition

a type of Soviet equipment

Glossary-5

FM 34-2-1

Rkh/m
RP

S3-air

S-A

SALT

SALUTE

SAM

SCARF

scty

SEAL)

SIGINT

SIR

SITMAP

SMS

SOI

SOP

SOR

SSM

Survl

surveillance-

TAA

TACFIRE

TAI

temp

TNT

TOC

TOT

TOW

TPL

a type of Soviet equipment
release point

south

Intelligence Officer (US Army)

Operations and Training Officer (US Army)

Air Operations and Training Officer (US Army)

seismic-acoustic

surface to air

size, activity, location, and time

size, activity, location, unit, time,

equipment (spot report format)

surface to air missile

standard collection asset request format

security

suppression of enemy air defense

signals intelligence

specific information requirements

situation map

simultaneous monitoring system

signal operation instructions

standing operating procedure

specific orders and requests

start point

surface-to-surface missile

surveillance
The systematic observation of aerospace,

surface or subsurface areas, places, persons,
or things by visual, aural, electronic,
photographic, or other means. (DOD,NATO)

theater army

tactical air army

tactical fire direction computer system

target areas of interest

tank battalion

training circular

tactical exploitation

temperature

task force

tank

trinitrotoluene

tactical operations center

time over target

tube-launched, optically tracked, wire guided

time phase line

tank regiment

Glossary-6

FM 34-2-1

TRADOC

TTP

UHF

USAF

USAICS

USSR

VHF
vie

United States Army Training and Doctrine

Command

tactics, techniques, and procedures

ultra high frequency

United States

United States Air Force

US Army Intelligence Center and School

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

very high frequency
vicinity

west

Glossary-7

FM 34-2-1

REFERENCES

REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS

Required publications are sources that users must read in
order to understand or to comply with this field manual.

Field Manuals (FMs)

FM 17-98
FM 34-1

FM 34-2
FM 34-3
FM 34-10-1

FM 34-80

FM 34-130

FM 101-5

FM 101-5-1

61 JTCG/ME-87-10

Scout Platoon. October 1987.
Intelligence and Electronic Warfare

Operations. July 1987.
Collection Management. 22 October 1990.
Intelligence Analysis. 15 March 1990.
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the

Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor

Systems (REMBASS). November 1990.
Brigade and Battalion Intelligence and

Electronic Warfare Operations.

April 1986.
Intelligence Preparation of the

Battlefield. May 1989.
Staff Organization and Operations.

May 1984.
Operational Terms and Symbols.

October 1985.
Handbook for Operational Testing of

Electro-Optical Systems in Battlefield

Obscurants. October 1987.

Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA Pam)
DA Pam 381-3
DD Form 1975

How Latin America Insurgents Fight.

June 1986.
Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance and

Surveillance Request Form.

Rand Study. Applying the National Training Center Experience:
Tactical Reconnaissance. October 1987.

References-1

FM 34-2-1

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Related publications are sources of additional information.
They are not required in order to understand this publication.

Field Manuals (FMs)

FM 6-20-10 TTP for the Targeting Process, Mar 90

FM 24-33 Communications Techniques: Electronic

Counter-Countermeasures. 22 Mar 85
FM 34-10 Division IEW Operations. November 1986.

(U) FM 34-lOA Division Intelligence and Electronic

Warfare Operations, Secret.

December 1986.
FM 100-5 Operations. May 1986.

FM 101-5 Staff Organization and Preparation.

May 1984.

(U) DIA Study. Reconnaissance and Surveillance and Target
x Acquisition in the USSR, Secret/NOFORN. June 1988.

References-2

FM 34-2-1

INDEX
AA See avenue of approach.
ADA See air defense artillery.

area

R&S location of operations,
1-8, 2-6, 2-33, and 3-3

ADA officer. See air defense
artillery officer.

aerial fire support officer
mission support, 3-19

AI See area of interest.

air AA

enemy use of, 2-3

air and armored cavalry
squadron

mission support, 3-19

air defense artillery

defensive area of interest
for Div ADA, 2-12

air defense artillery officer
R&S asset, 3-5
staff responsibility, 4-3

air defense artillery platoon
mission, 3-15

air liaison officer
coordination, 3-15
JAAT coordination, 3-16
See chapter 9.
staff responsibility, 4-4

all-source production section
support to CM&D process, 1-3

ALO See air liaison officer.

antitank (AT) helicopter
commanders information
requirement , 2-4

AO See area of operation.

area of interest

identification of, 2-8
offensive and defensive, 2-12

area of operation

IPB process requirement, 2-8

armor

commanders information
requirement, 2-4

armored vehicle

commanders information
requirement , 2-4

Army aviation

digital interface mission
support, 3-20

mission, 3-15

R&S asset, 3-5

Army aviation support officer
mission coordination, 3-20

artillery

commanders information
requirement, 2-4

ASPS See all-source production
section.

asset

tasking assets, 1-2, 1-4

assets and equipment

support to R&S plans, 3-1

attack helicopter battalion
mission support, 3-20

augment

scout combat missions, 3-2
See chapter 8.

Index-1

FM 34-2-1

augmentation
See chapter 8.

augmented

essential equipment, 3-3
scout limitations, 3-2

augmenting

See chapter 8.

avenue of approach

R&S application, 2-13
support to commanders needs,

2-3

terrain factor in support to

R&S application, 2-13

aviation officer

staff responsibility, 4-4

battle task

development of, 1-5
list of, 1-7
platoon 1-8 and 1-9

BAE See battlefield area
evaluation.

battlefield area evaluation
component of, 2-8

battle damage assessment
in support of TAI, 2-25

battlefield operating system
part of DST process, 2-22

BOS See battlefield operating

system .

CANE See chemical environment .
CAS See close air support.

CESO See communications-
electronics staff officer.

changing double column to a
diamond formation
LIC movement, 11-22

checkpoint

R&S overlay. 6-2

chemical environment

IIB Test in NBC environment,
1-6

chemical officer
See chapter 10.

chemical-engineer
reconnaissance
See chapter 10.

CI see counterintelligence.

CI team

R&S coordination, 4-5

civilian population
LIC operations, 11-25

close air support
EW operations, 12-8

CM&D See collection and
dissemination.

collection and dissemination
support to R&S, 1-3 and 1-4

collection asset

tasking of, 1-6 and 2-20

collection effort

battalion forces level, 3-1
requirements for information,

2-8, 2-18, and 2-20

Index-2

FM 34-2-1

collection management process

R&S and the CM&D praocess,
1-2, 1-3, and 1-4

collection plan

control of the collection

requirement, 2-2 and 2-3
phases to develop a, 1-3
unit collection requirements,

1-4

column

formation, 11-18

combat

category of patrol, 3-3
mission to support R&S, 1-7,

1-9, and 2-6

combat patrol
provides, 3-3

communications-electronics
staff officer

Brigade operations interface,
12-13

concealment and cover
R&S application, 2-13

counterintelligence
mission support, 3-17
staff responsibility, 4-3

counterreconnaissance

CR efforts, 1-2

CR operations used of NAI,
1-6 (see NAI)

TTP and CR, iv

CR See counterreconnaissance.

critical task

supporting battle tasks, 1-7,
1-8, and 1-9

cueing

R&S planning, 4-4

data base

IPB support for R&S planning,
2-6

day and night observation
device

unit capability, 3-4

deceive

LIC operations, 12-2

decision point

support relationship to, 2-25

decision points or line

part of the DST process, 2-22

decision support template
IPB product, 2-22
staff responsibility, 4-4

defensive and offensive areas
of interest

requirements for R&S
planning, 2-12

demonstration

LIC threat, 11-1

diamond formation

insurgent movement, 11-18

disseminating
PIR, 2-5
see chapter 5

division

organization support, 1-2,
1-3, and 1-4

division reconnaissance asset
division, 10-4

doctrinal template
IPB product, 2-15
product integration, 2-15

double column

insurgent movement, 11-22

Index-3

FM 34-2-1

DST See decision support
template.

ECCM See electronic
counter-countermeasures .

ECM See electronic
counter-measures .

electronic counter-measures
EW asset, 12-1

electronic

counter-countermeasures
EW asset, 12-1

electronic HPT

EW planning, 12-5

electronic support measures
collection, 12-2

electronic warfare

CR battle planning and, 2-2

electronic warfare collection
system

mission support, 3-17

enemy order of battle

data base requirement, 2-6

enemy prisoner of war
interrogator
mission, 3-17

enemy rates of advance
See threat evaluation.

enemy situation template
IPB product, 1-4

engineer

augmentation support to R&S,
2-25

engineer and air defense

artillery

IPB product, 2-14
mission support, 3-19

engineer officer

staff responsibility,

4-3

engineer platoon
mission, 3-14
R&S asset, 3-5

engineer product

IPB special product,
2-6

engineer section
4-4

engineer support officer
3-14

environmental effects for R&S
see Figure 2-7

EPW interrogator. See enemy
prisoner of war interrogator.

equipment

R&S asset, 3-1

ESM See electronic support
measures.

event analysis matrix

IPB product for specific
events, 2-22

event template

IPB product, 1-4 and 2-22
process for, 2-20

EW See electronic warfare.

Index-4

FM 34-2-1

fan

insurgent movement, 11-18

fan formation

insurgent movement,
11-23

FEBA See forward edge of the
battle area.

field artillery

integration into R&S and CR
plans, 3-12

mission support, 3-18

R&S asset, 3-5

field of fire

R&S application, 2-13

fire support

see fire support officer
to R&S, 2-25

fire support officer
in R&S planning, 1-5
JAAT coordination, 3-16
R&S planning, 1-5
staff coordination, 1-2
staff responsibility, 4-3

fire support team

mission, 3-12 and 3-14

FIST See fire support team.

FLOT See forward line of own
troops .

FO See forward observers.

forward edge of the battle area
enemy movement to, 2-22

forward line of own troops
enemy distance from, 2-9

forward observers

mission, 3-12 and 3-14

FRAGO See fragmentary order.

fragmentary order

method of tasking, 5-1

FS0 See fire support officer.

division, 3-18
tasking, 1-4

GSR See gruond surveillance
radar.

GSR and REMBASS

mission support 3-17

ground surveillance radar
2 4 -hour coverage, 3-4
mission, 3-5
R&S asset, 3-5

GUARDRAIL

collection, 11-36

guerrilla

LIC threat, ll-l

support requirements, 11-2

guerrilla platoon
mission, 11-6

guerrilla training complex
11-13

helicopter

LIC support, 11-37

high payoff target
developing , 2-2
monitoring, 7-1

high value target

supporting the identification
of HPT's, 2-25

Index-5

FM 34-2-1

HPT See high payoff target.
HVT See high value target.

IEW See intelligence and
electronic warfare.

IEWSE See intelligence and
electronic warfare support
element.

IEWSE officer

staff responsibility, 4-3

IIB Test See CANE.

incident matrix

overlay support, 11-29
see figure 11-23

incident overlay

historical data, 11-25

incursion

operations, 11-3

indicator

effective R&S planning, 4-1

infantry
3-2

infantry platoon
8-4

infiltration

operations, 11-3

insurgent

conduct, 11-2
LIC threat, 11-1

intelligence acquisition task
method of tasking, 5-3

intelligence and electronic
warfare

system support to R&S, 1-2

intelligence and electronic
warfare support element

coordination with R&S, 1-2

mission, 3-16

intelligence annex
use of, 2-5

intelligence cycle

crucial phase in R&S, 2-2

intelligence preparation of the
battlefield

R&S and IPB, 1-2 and 1-5

intelligence requirement

commanders needs, 1-3, (see
PIR and R&S)

intelligence summaries

use of, 2-5 (see intelligence
annex)

intercept

IEW asset, 12-3

interrogation

LIC support, 11-33

IPB See intelligence
preparation of the battlefield.

IR See intelligence
requirement.

JAAT See Joint Air Attack

Team.

jam

LIC operations, 12-3

jammer

brigade operations, 12-14

Joint Air Attack Team
0H-58D interface, 3-16

Index-6

FM 34-2-1

key terrain

R&S application, 2-13

"L" formation

insurgent movement, 11-18

LIC See chapter 11.

light infantry See chapter 10.

limit of enemy advance
identify, 10-11

limits of responsibility
in the R&S effort, 2-26

listening post
enemy, 2-4

maneuver element, 3-4
R&S asset, 3-1

locate

LIC operations, 12-3

LOEA See limit of enemy
advance .

LP See listening post.

matrix

method, 6-2

MCOO See modified combined
obstacles overlay.

mechanized infantry
see chapter 10

METT-T See mission, enemy,
terrain, time, and troops
available.

military police platoon
mission support, 3-20

mission analysis

AI determination, 2-9

mission , enemy , terrain , time ,
and troops available

unit responsibilities to R&S
planning, 2-26

modified combined obstacles
overlay

overlay, 5-3

movement formation

insurgent operations, 11-18

MP See military police
platoon.

named areas of interest

part of situation templating,
2-20

GSR task, 3-5

use of 1-6 (see CR)

NAI See named areas of
interest.

NBC See nuclear, biological,
and chemical.

NBC officer

staff responsibility,

night observation device
equipment, 3-4

night vision device
3-9

NOD See night observation
device.

nuclear, biological , and
chemical

environment, 1-6, 1-7, and
1-8

OB See order of battle.

observation

R&S application, 2-13

Index-7

FM 34-2-1

observation equipment
used by scouts, 3-3

observation equipment
associated with maneuver
battalion
3-7

observation post
enemy, 2-4

maneuver element, 3-4
scout operations, 3-2

obstacle

R&S application, 2-13

obstacle analysis
provided by, 3-14

offensive operation
see chapter 9

OP See observation post.

operations order See chapter
5.

operations plan
5-1

OPLAN See operations plan.

OPORD See operations order.

order of battle
2-6

overlay

method, 6-2

patrol

maneuver element, 3-2
R&S scout, 3-1

PIR See priority intelligence
requirement.

population status overlay
LIC support, 11-35

priority intelligence
requirement

commanders needs, 1-3 (see IR
and R&S)

QUICKFIX

R&S asset, 11-33

R&S See reconnaissance and
surveillance.

R&S tasking See chapter 5.

R&S limit of responsibility
See Figure 2-15.

R&S overlay

dissemination of R&S, 1-2
overlay, 6-1

R&S tasking matrix See figure
7-4.

radio intercept
R&S asset, 11-33

raid

mission, 11-15

reconnaissance
active, 2-1
as a patrol, 3-2
attack outcome and, 1-1
TTP and, iv

reconnaissance and surveillance
develop solutions in R&S

plans, 1-6

importance of R&S, 1-1

R&S and PIR and IR, 1-3 (see

PIR and IR)

(see scheme of maneuver, 1-5)
solutions to common errors in

planning, 1-4

Index-8

FM 34-2-1

reconnaissance company See
chapter 10.

reconnaissance battalion
acquisition See chapter 10.

reconnaissance subsquad
organization, 11-6

redundancy

R&S planning, 4-4 and 4-5

regiment

reconnaissance unit, 10-4

REMBASS See remotely monitored
battlefield sensor system.

remotely monitored battlefield
sensor system
capabilities, 3-10

R&S asset, 3-5

teams and equipment, 3-11 and
3-12

release point

R&S overlay, 6-2

request for intelligence
information

information needs, 2-5

retask

R&S assets, 7-8

RII See request for
intelligence information.

RP See release point.

route

task, 1-8

type of patrol mission, 3-3

route reconnaissance
scout mission, 3-2
scout task, 1-8

role of S2 in planning of
R&S, iv

S2 coordination with S3 and
FSO, 1-2

52 unit role, 1-1

JAAT coordination, 3-16

53 coordination with S2 and
FSO, 1-2

S3 involvement with
subordinate commands, 1-5

S3-air

JAAT coordination, 3-16

sabotage

operations, 11-3
subsquads, 11-6

scheme of maneuver

formulation of R&S plan, 1-5
(see R&S)

scout

R&S asset, 3-1

scout platoon

operations, 3-2

platoon tasks, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7,
and 1-8

scouts with infantry

mission requirements, 3-2
See chapter 8.

screening

scout mission, 1-2 and 3-2

security

combat patrol capability, 3-3
and 3-4

patrol requirement, 3-3

scout mission, 3-2

scout platoon task, 1-7 and
1-8

Index-9

FM 34-2-1

sensor

LP/OP 24-hour capability, 3-4

seven BOS See chapter 9.

single

formation, 11-18

single file or firing line
formation

insurgent movement, 11-20

SIR. See specific information
requirement.

situation map

insurgents, 11-29

situation template
IPB praoduct, 1-4
product integration, 2-15

soldier

information asset, 1-9 and
3-4

SOR See specific orders and
requests.

SP See start point.

special uses and effects of
terrain

for R&S planning, 2-3

specific information
requirement

R&S planning, 4-1 and 10-11

specific orders and request
R&S planning, 4-1

start point

R&S overlay, 6-2

subordinate unit instruction
method of tasking, 5-1

subsquad

guerrilla units, 11-6

Index-10

surprise attack
operations, 11-3

surveillance
passive, 2-1

synchronization matrix

part of the DST process, 2-22

synchronization See
synchronize.

synchronize

battlefield operating
systems, 2-22

R&S with battle, 2-6

the R&S effort, 2-25

tactical Air Force
mission, 3-16
R&S asset, 3-5

TAI See target area of
interest.

target

enemy, 2-14

R&S planning, 1-4

REMBASS identification of,
3-10, 3-11, and 3-14

target acquisition

fire finder radar, 3-18
R&S and CR product

requirement, 2-15

target acquisition asset
3-16

target acquisition data
provided by GSR, 3-5

target areas of interest
interdicting sites, 2-25
part of DST process, 2-22

target identification
3-9

FM 34-2-1

target list worksheet
12-6

target value analysis process
to determine HVT's, 2-15

target-acquisition

FIST V capability, 3-14
OH-58D capability, 3-15
to determine HVT's, 2-15

targeting

part of a successful defense,
1-1

targeting data

a collection requirement, 2-2

targeting process
2-23

task organize

increase scout capabilities,
3-2

task organized See chapter 8.

task organizing
R&S planning, 4-4
See chapter 8 .

tasking See chapter 5.

tasking asset

requirement, 7-8

terrain

analysis provided by, 3-14
part of R&S planning, 1-3 and

2-5

terrain analysis

component of IPB, 2-8

terrorist act

LIC threat, 11-1

threat data base
information for IPB, 2-14

threat evaluation

component of IPB, 2-8, 2-14,
and 2-15

threat integration

component of IPB, 2-8 and
2-15

time phase line

part of the DST process, 2-22

TPL See time phase line.

trap map

insurgent, 11-29

two-echelon formation

insurgent movement, 11-18

war gaming

DST a product of, 2-25

war gaming process

the process of war gaming,
2-25

weather analysis

component of IPB, 2-8

weather

required for R&S planning,
1-3 and 2-5

wedge formation

insurgent movement, 1-18

vegetation See chapter 2 .

zone

R&S patrol locations, 3-3
scout R&S area coverage, 3-2

zone reconnaissance
scout mission, 3-2
scout task, 1-8

Index-11

FM 34-2-1
19 JUNE 1991

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

CARL E. VUONO
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff

Official:

PATRICIA P. HICKERSON
Colonel, United States Army
The Adjutant General

DISTRIBUTION : Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed
in accordance with DA Form 12-11E, requirements for FM 34-2-1,
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Reconnaissance and
Surveillance and Intelligence Support to Counterreconnaissance
(Qty rqr block no. 4873).

*U.S. Government Printing Office 1994-300-421/82314

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "FM 34-2-1 (Reconnisance Surveillance Intelligence)"

See other formats